Currently, many people face challenges in everyday activities due to lack of fine motor coordination and learning difficulties, which compromises their autonomy and social inclusion. Tasks that require precision, such as writing, drawing, and handling objects, become complex, affecting academic performance and social interaction. The present project proposes an innovative solution to these difficulties through the creation of three assistive alphabets for educational purposes, using an inclusive, technological approach based on the Maker Culture. The objective of the project is to promote the development of fine motor coordination and the learning of writing in individuals with limitations, such as children with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies and other neurological disabilities. The project was divided into three phases: initially, a Tactile Alphabet was created to stimulate perception and muscle memory by touching the letters. In the second phase, a Channel Alphabet was developed, which allows children to trace the letters with the help of an adapted pen, promoting more interactive learning. In the third phase, the Assistive Cursive Alphabet uses a steel sphere guided by a magnetic pencil, facilitating motor control and the formation of cursive letters. The research that underlies the project highlights the importance of adaptive and interactive educational methodologies for the inclusion of students with motor difficulties. The lack of adequate pedagogical interventions can create barriers to learning and full participation in educational environments. Thus, the project aims to create an accessible and inclusive environment, where each student can progress at their own pace, developing the confidence necessary for social interaction. This project contributes to educational inclusion, offering an accessible and low-cost tool, capable of being implemented in various school contexts.

Financing of healthcare is the policy issue in the center stage in Kenya due to the national progress to Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Even with continued reforms, such as the replacement of the National Hospital insurance fund (NHIF) by the social Health authority (SHA), access to quality and affordable healthcare services has not been equitable across income groups, regions as well as job groups. This is especially true of the poor and informal sector workers, who are susceptible to the financial restrictions to healthcare access. This paper focuses on the healthcare financing structure, equity and effectiveness in Kenya and its focus is the balancing of the public funding, the health insurance arrangements, the donor assistance and the out-of-pocket payment.

The present study aimed to investigate and characterize the bioactive phytocomponents of the aqueous extract of ripe pulp of Carica papaya, a tropical fruit widely recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic potential. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was conducted to identify the chemical constituents present in the extract. Eight major compounds were detected, representing a diverse profile of bioactive molecules. The most abundant constituent was 1,2,3-propanetriol monoacetate (41.06%), followed by 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (20.81%), D-glycerol-idoheptose (11.83%), and dimethylmuconic acid (7.80%). Additional compounds present in lower proportions included 2-deoxy-D-galactose (6.35%), isosorbide dinitrate (2.10%), L-glucose (3.55%), and 3-deoxy-D-mannoic lactone (1.59%). In addition to GC–MS profiling, a qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to evaluate the presence of key secondary metabolites. The aqueous extract revealed a strong presence of saponins (+++) and a moderate concentration of proteins (++). Trace amounts of other phytochemical classes were also detected, including flavonoids, reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids. These findings underscore the diverse phytochemical composition of Carica papaya ripe pulp, which may contribute to its reported pharmacological and nutritional benefits. The high abundance of glycerol derivatives, pyranones, and other bioactive molecules suggests potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Further studies, including quantitative analysis and in vivo biological evaluation, are recommended to validate these findings and explore their potential applications in nutraceutical and therapeutic product development.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a significant public health concern globally, particularly in low-income countries, where it impairs hematopoiesis and immune competence, manifesting as anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Nutritional repletion using phytotherapeutic agents has gained attention as a promising strategy for hematological restoration. Gongronema latifolium (GL) and Moringa oleifera (MO) are widely consumed botanical supplements reputed for their hematopoietic and antioxidant properties, yet comparative evaluations under protein-restricted conditions remain limited. This study assessed the hematopoietic potential of GL in protein-deficient Wistar rats, with MO serving as a comparative control. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (8–10 weeks, 130–150 g) were randomized into four groups (n = 6 per group): (1) Control (standard protein diet), (2) Protein-Deficient (PD, 5% casein), (3) PD + GL extract (400 mg/kg/day), and (4) PD + MO extract (400 mg/kg/day). Extracts were administered orally for six weeks. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and platelet count, were measured using an automated hematology analyzer. PD rats exhibited significant reductions (p < 0.01) in all indices compared to controls, confirming PEM-induced hematopoietic suppression. GL supplementation restored Hb (13.3 ± 0.6 g/dL), RBC (6.9 ± 0.4 ×10?/?L), WBC (8.9 ± 0.9 ×10³/?L), and platelet counts (506 ± 28 ×10³/?L) to near-baseline values (p < 0.05 vs PD). MO treatment improved these parameters moderately but was less effective than GL. The hematopoietic enhancement observed with GL may be attributed to its rich content of flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which stimulate erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and leukopoiesis, while antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects protect bone marrow integrity. MO’s benefits likely stem from its nutrient density, antioxidant activity, and micronutrient supplementation. These findings support the therapeutic potential of GL as a hematopoietic agent in protein-restricted conditions, offering a locally available, cost-effective intervention for mitigating PEM-induced anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Further mechanistic studies and clinical trials are warranted to explore bioactive components, optimize dosing, and translate rodent findings to human populations. GL’s efficacy exceeds that of MO in this model, positioning it as a promising candidate for inclusion in functional foods or nutraceutical strategies targeting hematological deficits in malnourished populations.

The study assessed the physical, chemical and microbial concentration levels in Water from Hand-Dug Wells from Hand Dug Wells in Wailomayo Ward of Makurdi Town, Benue State, Nigeria. Ten hand dug wells were sampled in three locations of Wurukum namely, Logo, Akpehe and Angwan Jukum. Results from the tested parameters of temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, suspended solids (SS), Power of Hydrogen (pH), iron (Fe), nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and E coli were subjected to Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Analysis to generate correlation matrix which was used to identify inter-relationships among the parameters; and also to infer the potential sources of pollution affecting the water from hand dug wells. Correlation coefficients ranged from ?1 to +1; where positive values indicated a direct association between parameters, and negative values denoted inverse relationship. Thus, the results revealed that TDS and EC (r = 0.78), suspended solids (SS) and iron (Fe) (r = 0.90), nitrate and nitrite (r =0.67), Iron and nitrate (r = 0.71) temperature and BOD (r = 0.57) had positive correlations while suspended solids and BOD (r = ?0.62 had negative correlation. E. coli exhibited moderate positive correlations with suspended solids (r = 0.39) and nitrate (r= 0.26). The study concluded that all the sampled wells had one form of contamination or the other due to both geological and anthropogenic influences. It was therefore recommended that Government should live up to its responsibility of providing basic amenities to its teeming citizens, Public Health Education and Community Engagement should be put in place to train residents on basic knowledge of treating their water before consumption and also Government should re-introduce health monitoring and inspections to guarantee sanitary condition of hand dug wells.

Rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population, and its quality directly impacts nutrition, food security, and market value. The rice cleaning process is a critical first step in post-harvest handling and milling, responsible for removing a wide array of impurities—including stones, dust, husks, immature grains, and foreign materials—to ensure safety, improve milling efficiency, and enhance final product quality. This comprehensive study delves into the design, operation, and evaluation of modern rice cleaning machines.

Predictive modeling is a digital economy form of big data, which is required to enhance business intelligence (BI) and strategic decisions. In this paper, the author focuses on how predictive analytics increase accuracy levels of predictions, efficiency of operations and proactive planning of the company using an analytic approach of 150 data-intensive industries. A number of different models including Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks were created and evaluated basing on MAE, RMSE and R 2 values. The results indicate that high-order machine learning models which are the Neural Networks and the Random Forest are more predictive than the conventional. It can be also seen in this analysis that predictive BI has a high influence on such aspects of major decisions as inventory optimization, customer segmentation, demand forecasting and financial planning. The study demonstrates that predictive modeling implemented in the BI systems may assist organizations in making informed and active decisions and can be applied to make better performance in respect to strategic performance.

This study investigates the intricate relationship between various demographic factors—specifically age, salary, and state of residence—and individuals' attitudes towards environmental policy. Drawing upon a comprehensive dataset, this research aims to identify the key determinants influencing agreement or disagreement with environmental initiatives. The initial analysis of the provided data reveals suggestive patterns, indicating that while middle-aged respondents show marginal favorability towards environmental policies, both younger and older demographics exhibit slightly more negative opinions. Furthermore, a notable overrepresentation of women in the sample suggests a potential gender disparity in environmental concern, aligning with broader trends observed in the literature. The study also explores the impact of socioeconomic status, as indicated by salary, on environmental policy agreement, noting that higher average salaries are not consistently associated with greater support across all states. Geographic variations are also examined, highlighting differences in policy agreement across states like Texas, New York, Michigan, Virginia, Minnesota, and Arizona. This expanded manuscript will delve deeper into these preliminary findings, incorporating additional contextual information and robust statistical analysis to ascertain the significance of these relationships. By adhering to the EANSO Journals Manuscript Preparation Template, including a minimum word count of 3000 words, and maintaining a human tone, this revised article seeks to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the demographic drivers behind environmental policy attitudes, thereby contributing valuable insights for policymakers and environmental advocates alike. The expanded discussion will also address the limitations of the current dataset and propose avenues for future research to further elucidate these complex interactions.

The study investigated the relationship among senior secondary school students’ academic self-efficacy belief, task persistence and achievement in Mathematics in Benue State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses directed the study respectively. A correlation survey research design was adapted for the study. 252 secondary schools in Benue state and student sample size of 1286 participated in the study. Questionnaires titled academic Self-efficacy Belief Rating scale for students (SEBRS) and Task Persistence Rating Scale for students (TAPRS) and an Achievement test instruments titled Students Achievement Test in Mathematics (SATM) were used to determine secondary school students’ academic self-efficacy belief, task persistence and achievement in Mathematics. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to answer research questions while the hypotheses were tested using Multiple Regression Analysis at 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that there was a high positive relationship among academic self-efficacy belief, task persistence and students’ academic achievement in Mathematics. Also, the study reveals a significant relationship between academic self-efficacy belief and secondary school students’ Task persistence in Mathematics, academic self-efficacy belief and task persistence of secondary school students in Mathematics and among all variable of the study. The study concluded that there is high positive relationship among senior secondary school students’ academic self- efficacy belief, task persistence and achievement in Mathematics in Benue state. Recommendations made were that: teachers and counsellors should assess the existing levels of students’ self-efficacy belief in Mathematics at classroom level so that appropriate measures can be taken to help raise students’ self-efficacy belief levels. The following suggestions were made for further studies that a similar study should be carried out in other parts of the country, other subject areas and that similar study should be conducted using junior secondary school students.

The construction industry significantly contributes to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, primarily due to extensive use of cement-based materials. This study presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Precast Concrete (PC) and Cast-in-Situ (CIS) construction systems with emphasis on embodied energy and carbon footprint. A cradle-to-grave approach is adopted considering material production, transportation, construction, and end-of-life stages. Results indicate that precast concrete systems demonstrate lower life cycle energy demand and reduced carbon emissions owing to controlled manufacturing, reduced material wastage, and improved construction efficiency. The study highlights precast construction as a sustainable alternative for low-carbon infrastructure development.

The study reveals that the population of Scheduled Castes in the Eastcentral Rajmahal Highlands is gradually increasing. The total population of the study area is 4,40,911 according to the 2011 Census. During the last five decades (1971-2011), population growth rate has increased 18.90%. The increase in population in the study area is owing to the decline in the death rate. The study area shows the change in population density from 206 persons per sq. k.m. and 381 persons per sq. k.m. in 1971 and 2011 respectively. The majority of populations are settled in rural areas. Only 10.79% of the population is urban. It represents an unbalanced rural-urban population ratio, and it also shows that the rural economy, particularly agriculture, is dominant in the study area. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the existing pattern as well as spatial and temporal variations of the Scheduled Castes population in the study area.

This paper presented an IoT-based smart environmental monitoring solution on the principles of distributed sensor networks, edge processing and cloud-based analytics to achieve continuous, low-latency, and scalable environmental monitoring of air quality, temperature, humidity, noise and particulate matter. The proposed architecture involved the use of energy saving data collection through duty-cycled sensor nodes, edge processing and buffering gateway, and cloud server to offer scalable data collection, anomaly detection, trend analysis and real-time alerts. Experimental analysis was conducted to determine the system performance based on certain factors of reliability of data transmission, end to end latency, energy use, accuracy of anomaly detection and ability to increase with sensor density increment. The results indicated that the packet delivery ratios were high, scaled deployments exhibited near real time responsiveness, a long sensor node battery life, anomaly detection with minimum alert delay success, and predictable cloud behavior. The findings are confirmative to the fact that the proposed architecture is a viable and implementable solution to the smart monitoring of the environment under such applications as smart cities, industrial environment, and campus-wide level of surveillance.

Due to rapid urbanization, the population increase in the center of big cities is rising steadily. This rise in urban migration, mainly caused by the search for improved job prospects, is contributing to the burden on the land with the subsequent rise in high-rise buildings being erected. Elaborating on this is vital in catering to the needs of the growing population. Such high-rise buildings are to be developed in accordance with earthquake-resistant designs and patterns due to the vast damage caused by earthquakes to life and property. In India, about 60% of the country has seismic regions, and this is depicted in the Indian Standard IS codes, which are prepared by experts in the profession after conducting detailed research and analyzing the regions. Simple structures with plan irregularity and non-uniform loads are more reliable during an earthquake since they have equal distribution of mass and stiffness, sufficient strength, and overall integrity. But complications set in when there is irregularity in the plan or non-uniform loads. Irregular structures pose risks when there are irregular patterns in the building or non-uniform loads since the structures will behave erratically during an earthquake. Some of the irregularities include irregular distribution of mass, irregular distribution of torsional, irregular distribution of diaphragm, and weak storeys and roofs. It will be imperative for the engineer to take into consideration and amend these irregularities, and this will be critical with the growing emphasis on performance-based designs.

Developing an effective attendance management system has always been a difficult issue for any company, ranging from schools to universities. Smartphones have been used for attendance with technologies such as face recognition, fingerprint-based attendance, and other types. The attendance management system (AMS) and its problems are discussed in this study. The study presents a student attendance system for schools and colleges combining Geo Fencing using the geofencing API from Google Play services and Google location services dependencies along with Firebase. This is performed by acquiring live location of students and a geo-fence of the class area, taken when a student has spent over 90% of the time within the set geo-fence (Classroom). This system was developed using Android Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE) which is being used for the development of native android applications. A questionnaire was however designed and results gotten to further explain how well the functionalities work. The responses derived were subjected to statistical examination using SPSS. Discoveries showed that attendance system was able to improve identification, verification and accuracy of student attendance.

Purpose – This research investigates the relationship between Digital Compensation Strategy (DCS) and Gig Worker Retention (GWR), specifically examining the mediating role of Perceived Algorithmic Empathy (PAE). The study addresses the growing need to understand how automated payment systems and algorithmic management influence the long-term commitment of gig drivers in a technology-driven labor market. Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative survey was conducted among 253 gig drivers. The research utilized a structured questionnaire measuring four dimensions of digital compensation (Real-time Rewards, Transparency, Personalization, and Data-Driven Fairness) and four dimensions of algorithmic empathy. Data analysis included Cronbach’s Alpha for reliability (alpha = .864), frequency distribution, Pearson correlation, and path analysis to test the structural relationships between variables. Findings – The study reveals a diverse workforce where 41.1% of drivers utilize multiple platforms and 62.1% rely on gig work as their primary income source. Reliability testing confirmed the high internal consistency of the measurement scales. Path analysis (SEM) indicates significant positive correlations between specific digital compensation strategies, such as Dynamic Personalization and Data-Driven Fairness, and the various facets of worker retention, including platform loyalty and switching resistance. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to a sample of 253 drivers, primarily within the 26–35 age bracket (42.3%), which may not represent the entire global gig economy. Future research should explore these dynamics across different geographical regions and diverse gig sectors beyond ride-hailing to validate the universal applicability of "algorithmic empathy" as a retention tool. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the burgeoning field of algorithmic management by introducing the concept of Perceived Algorithmic Empathy. It provides a novel framework for platform developers to move beyond purely transactional compensation by integrating "empathetic" automated interactions that enhance psychological attachment and platform loyalty.

People with hearing and speech disabilities mainly depend on sign language for communication. However, most individuals are not familiar with sign language, which often creates communication problems in daily life. In many situations, interpreters are required, but they may not always be available. This research work presents an AI-based system that converts sign language gestures into text and speech. The system captures hand gestures using a camera and processes them with computer vision and deep learning techniques. Recognized gestures are displayed as text and also converted into speech output. The system works in real time and helps reduce communication gaps, especially in educational and social environments.

The Indian family, traditionally idealized as a multigenerational joint unit bound by kinship, collectivism, and filial piety, is undergoing profound transformation in contemporary society. This article examines the multifaceted changes reshaping family structures across urban and rural India, drawing on recent empirical research and demographic data. Analysis reveals four interconnected trends: the numerical decline in household size from 4.8 to 4.4 members between 2015-2024; the emergence of diverse family forms including single-person households and multi-locational families driven by circular migration; significant gender role realignment as women gain economic independence while still underrepresented as primary earners; and the reconfiguration of intergenerational relationships as adult children migrate for work. These changes carry profound implications for legal systems, social policy, and individual well-being. The article argues that India is witnessing not simply the “breakdown” of the traditional family but rather its complex reconfiguration into pluralistic forms that reflect broader economic liberalization, urbanization, and cultural globalization while retaining distinctively Indian adaptations.

Modern laboratories consists of harmful gases, high-temperature equipment, electrical instruments, & flammable materials that pose significant safety risks. Any unobserved gas leakage, fire outbreak, or irregular temperature rise can result in severe accidents, property damage, & health threats. The project termed “ESP32 Based Lab Enhanced Safety & Gas Detection Using IoT” is developed to constantly monitor environmental conditions inside laboratories & automatically take defensive actions when unsecure situations\conditions are detected. The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with multiple sensors like DHT11 (Temperature & Humidity), MQ-series Gas Sensor (MQ-2/MQ-135), and Flame Sensor to detect or identify environmental irregularities. In case of gas leakage, fire detection, or temperature rise, the system enables a buzzer alarm, displays warnings on a 16×2 LCD screen, & automatically switches ON an exhaust fan through a relay module to remove harmful & hazardous gases. Additionally, IoT connectivity via Wi-Fi enables real-time data transmission to a cloud dashboard for remote monitoring. This system ensures immediate detection, automatic response, & continuous supervision, significantly increasing laboratory safety.

Ocimum gratissimum is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties, yet detailed toxicological evaluations are sparse. This study assessed the dose-dependent toxicological profile of aqueous Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract by evaluating biochemical and hematological parameters in male Wistar rats subjected to sub-chronic administration. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups (n = 6): one control group and four treatment groups receiving 100, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg of the extract orally for 28 days. Key markers evaluated included serum transaminases (ALT, AST), lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides), hematological indices (hematocrit, RBC), and coagulation parameter (clotting time). No significant alterations in ALT and AST levels were recorded up to 600 mg/kg, suggesting preserved liver integrity. A notable reduction in cholesterol and triglycerides was observed at 300 mg/kg, supporting hypolipidemic potential. Hematocrit and RBC count exhibited a dose-dependent rise. However, clotting time was significantly prolonged at 900 mg/kg, indicating potential hematological toxicity at high doses. These findings support the therapeutic safety of Ocimum gratissimum within the 100–600 mg/kg range while highlighting hematological risks at supra-therapeutic levels.

The National Education Policy (NEP-2020) emphasizes foundational learning in children’s familiar languages, recommending mother-tongue/home-language instruction at least until Grade 5 (preferably till Grade 8). This study empirically examines the effects of mother-tongue-based multilingual instruction (MT-MMI) on early childhood learning outcomes, classroom engagement, and teacher/parent attitudes in the South Gujarat context. Using a mixed-methods survey design, data were collected from 420 participants: 240 caregivers/parents, 120 early-grade teachers (pre-primary and Grades 1–3), and structured assessments of 60 children (age 4–7) across 12 schools/Anganwadi. Instruments included a Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) screening (adapted to local languages), a Teacher Pedagogy and Language Use Questionnaire, Parent Perception Survey, and classroom observation checklists. Quantitative analyses (t-tests, ANOVA, regression) show that children instructed primarily in their mother tongue in the foundational years attained higher FLN scores (mean gain +0.48 SD) and demonstrated greater classroom participation and confidence than peers taught primarily in non-home languages. Qualitative interviews with teachers and parents corroborate quantitative findings: mother-tongue instruction improves concept comprehension, reduces cognitive load, and strengthens cultural identity. The study supports NEP-2020’s multilingual approach and recommends practical steps for policy implementation: teacher training in multilingual pedagogy, locally produced materials, and phased language transition plans. Implications for scaling and limitations are discussed.

Temperature control & monitoring systems are helpful in industrial, commercial, & residential applications for maintaining optimal environmental or process conditions. These systems use sensors to measure the current temperature & compare it with a desired setpoint. A controller processes this information & adjusts heating\cooling elements to maintain the target temperature. Continuous monitoring permits the system to respond dynamically to environmental changes, ensuring stability, efficiency, & safety. By automating temperature regulation, these systems decrease energy consumption, prevent equipment damage, & maintain product quality. They are generally applied in HVAC systems, manufacturing processes, food storage, & laboratory environments.

Water heaters are generally required in homes, hostels, hospitals, & industries. However, conventional water heaters consume high electricity & do not give accurate temperature control. This project displays an IoT-based temperature controlled smart water heater system that automatically monitors & controls water temperature. The system needs a temperature sensor to constantly measure the water temperature. The microcontroller processes the temperature data & controls the heating element through a relay module. When the water reaches the set temperature, the heater automatically turns OFF to avoid overheating & conserve energy. Using IoT technology, the temperature data can be monitored remotely through a mobile application or cloud platform. This assures safety, energy productivity, & user convenience.

The Automatic Car Parking System is developed to decrease human effort & parking time by automating the process of vehicle entry, exit, & space distribution. Using sensors, microcontrollers, & actuator mechanisms, the system identifies available parking slots, guides vehicles into the allocated spots, & updates real-time presence. This automation ensures efficient utilization of parking space, decrease traffic congestion within parking areas, & reduces manual errors. The system is particularly needful in malls, offices, hospitals, & smart city applications where parking management is a critical challenge. Moreover, optional aspects like buzzer alerts and LCD displays enhance user interaction & safety. This system supports in efficient use of parking space, decrease traffic congestion, & reduces manual errors. It is needful in malls, offices, hospitals, & smart cities.

Our project introduces an AR Shooter that transforms everyday environments into interactive combat zones by blending the physical world with digital elements. By moving away from static 2D screens, we use smartphone cameras and smart tracking to place virtual targets directly into the user’s room. This creates a more active and immersive experience compared to traditional gaming. Beyond entertainment, our application offers a safe, affordable, and portable solution for professional training, making high tech simulations accessible to everyone.

Electrical conductivity provides a direct physical insight into ionic charge transport in nat- ural aqueous systems. In the present study, groundwater samples collected from Kunkuri, Jashpur District, Chhattisgarh (India), were analyzed from a physics-oriented perspective with emphasis on electrical transport behavior and supporting physicochemical properties. Electrical conductivity measurements were performed using a digital conductivity meter with a calibrated cell constant of 1.297 cm?1. The measured conductivity was found to be 0.443 mS/cm at room temperature, indicating moderate ionic mobility. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and alkalinity were analyzed to correlate ionic concentration with electrical conduction. The re- sults show that groundwater from the study area behaves as a low-ionic-strength electrolyte and satisfies drinking water standards prescribed by BIS and WHO.

Background: Job stress in healthcare workers is a significant issue that can impact the performance and quality of healthcare services, particularly in primary healthcare facilities such as community health centers. High job demands, limited job resources, and individual resilience are thought to contribute to the emergence of job stress. This study aims to determine the relationship between job demands, job resources, and resilience with job stress in healthcare workers at the Mekar Community Health Center in Kendari City in 2025. Method: This study is a quantitative study using an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study design. 84 respondents were selected as samples using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires and then univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. Result: statistical test at significant value ? = 0.05 obtained the result that there is no relationship between job demands and work stress (? value = 1.000), there is no relationship between job resources and work stress (? value = 1.000), there is a relationship between resilience and work stress (? value = 0.024). Conclusion: from the results of this study it was found that there is a relationship between resilience and work stress at the Mekar Health Center, Kendari City in 2025. Suggestion: The Health Center is advised to maintain workload management and maintain work support that has been running well, even though job demands and job resources are not related to work stress. In addition, the Health Center needs to pay attention to strengthening the resilience of health workers through coaching and training, because resilience has been proven to be related to work stress.

The rapid increase in electricity consumption in hostels leads to uneven power usage and higher electricity bills due to limitless use of high-power appliances. This paper presents a Smart Energy Management & Overload Control System using Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor & control energy consumption at the individual room level. The proposed system uses a PIC18F4520 microcontroller integrated with current & voltage sensors to measure real-time electrical variables such as voltage, current, power, and energy. The measured data is displayed on an LCD and transmitted to an IoT web server via GSM/Wi-Fi module for remote monitoring. When overload situations are detected, warning notifications are sent to the respective room inhabitant, and the system automatically breaks the supply after repeated violations using a relay mechanism. The introduced system ensures fair energy distribution, prevents electrical threats, & boosts energy-saving practices in hostels.

The study evaluates the factors influencing road performance in Oyo State, Nigeria. The objectives evaluate the factors influencing road transportation performance and examine the extent to which these factors influence the performance of road transport operations. The cluster sampling technique was adopted, in which three (3) Local Government Areas in the Oyo North Senatorial District were chosen. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The study made use of primary sources. Primary data was sourced through the use of a well-structured questionnaire. The result showed the mean and standard deviation of government policy as a major factor of road performance. The result of the factor analysis shows that five factors whose eigenvalues were greater than one (1) accounted for 68.5%, leaving about 31.5% of the total variance not accounted for by the factors. Also, the result of the KMO values is 0.697. This indicates that the sampling is adequate and the factor analysis is appropriate for the data. It was concluded that the study identifies the most significant factors that will enhance effective and efficient road transportation operations in Oyo State. These factors have to do with transport infrastructure, vehicle condition, management, and government. It was recommended that investment in transport infrastructure and collaboration and coordination among stakeholders should be prioritised.

Maintaining healthy body composition is essential for children’s health, particularly for children with disabilities, who often experience limited physical activity. This study examined the effect of a Specifically Designed Football Program (SDFP) on body composition in children with intellectual disabilities. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control-group design was used with 60 male children (12–18 years) from special schools in Gwalior, India. The experimental group (n = 30) participated in a 20-week football program (three 60-minute sessions per week), whereas the control group (n = 30) maintained their usual activities. Body fat percentage was measured using the Jackson and Pollock 7-site skinfold method. The experimental group showed a significant reduction in body fat percentage (11.47% to 7.35%), whereas the control group showed a slight increase (11.32% to 11.78%). ANCOVA revealed a significant treatment effect (F = 244.78, p < 0.001). The findings demonstrate that structured football-based interventions effectively improve body composition in children with intellectual disabilities, highlighting the importance of adapted physical activity programs for promoting health in this population.

Accurate and automated diagnostic methods that can help medical professionals with early identification and treatment planning are desperately needed, as the occurrence of brain tumors is rising across age groups. Because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a superior soft tissue contrast, it is frequently used to diagnose brain tumors. However, traditional diagnosis relies mainly on radiologists' manual inspection, which is laborious, subjective, and prone to human error. In order to overcome these obstacles, this study offers an intelligent approach for detecting brain tumors by automatically analyzing MRI scans using comparable deep learning models. The suggested system learns intricate spatial information from medical images in order to identify the existence of brain tumors and categorize different types of tumors. sophisticated convolutional neural network-based deep learning architectures (CNNs).Convolutional neural networks , the foundation of sophisticated deep learning architectures, are used to extract significant information and carry out precise categorization. Normalization, noise reduction, and scaling are examples of picture preprocessing techniques used to improve model performance and image quality. To determine which deep learning model is the most successful, a comparative analysis of several models is carried out using performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The suggested system considerably increases diagnostic accuracy, lessens reliance on manual analysis, and facilitates quicker clinical decision-making, according to experimental data. In contemporary healthcare settings, the system has great potential to support radiologists by providing a dependable, scalable, and effective solution for intelligent medical image processing.

The use of substances among adolescence in Kenya is on the rise, creating a concern both at educational and health public level. The present study explored the relationship between self-awareness, an important aspect of emotional intelligence and substances use among secondary school students in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Guided by the Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Theory, a convergent parallel mixed, methods design was adopted. Quantitative data was obtained from 377 Form Three students through a closed ended questionnaire while qualitative data was obtained through focus group discussions (FGD) and interview schedules with teachers and guidance and counselling officers. Quantitative analyses involved the use of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. Results indicated that self-awareness was strongly related with substance use behaviour; r=.436, p<.001 and self-awareness significantly predicted .444; p<.001. Qualitative results substantiated the findings and showed that students with better self-awareness identified emotional triggers, reflected on effects and avoided peer pressure. The study concluded that self-awareness is a significant factor in prevention of adolescent substances use. Recommendations were made for the integration of emotional literacy levels among adolescents in secondary school guidance and counselling programs.

Water tanks are generally used in homes, apartments, industries, & hospitals to store water. Over time, dirt, algae, & bacteria collect inside the tank, making the water insecure for use. Manual cleaning is difficult, time-consuming, & unhygienic. The Water Tank Cleaning System is an automated solution that cleans the tank using a motor-driven brush, water jets, & a control unit. The system removes dirt without human entry into the tank, ensuring better hygiene, saving time, & reducing water wastage. This project gives a safe, efficient, & low-cost method for regular tank cleaning, suitable for residential and commercial applications.

Background: Childhood is marked by rapid physical and psychological evolution, but deviations in behavior often manifest as significant distress for both the child and the caregiver. Conventional management typically focuses on symptom suppression or behavioral training. Homoeopathy, however, views these "behavioral problems"—such as temper tantrums, habit disorders, elective mutism, and functional enuresis—not as isolated diagnoses but as outward expressions of an underlying constitutional imbalance or a "disordered vital force". Objective: This presentation explores the holistic homoeopathic approach to identifying and managing common pediatric behavioral patterns by addressing the root emotional and physical causes. Methodology: The approach utilizes detailed case-taking, including the child's "goodness of fit" with their environment, prenatal history, and specific modalities of their behavioral outbursts. Key areas of focus include: Temper-Tantrums: Differentiating violent outbursts from developmental frustration to select remedies like Chamomilla or Belladonna.Habit Disorders: Addressing repetitive behaviors (e.g., nail-biting) through remedies that target underlying anxiety or sensory needs. Elective (Selective) Mutism: Understanding the internal withdrawal and emotional blocks that necessitate deep-acting constitutional remedies.Functional Enuresis: Identifying concomitant symptoms and physical predispositions to select targeted therapeutics.

The is designed to address the inefficiencies and inconsistencies associated with traditional manual fertilizer application in small-scale and subsistence farming. Conventional methods, such as broadcasting by hand, often lead to uneven distribution, resulting in nutrient wastage, soil degradation, and reduced crop yields. This compact, low-cost device enables precise, row-specific fertilizer placement, improving nutrient use efficiency while minimizing labor and input costs. The machine features a simple mechanical design comprising a hopper, a calibrated metering mechanism, ground-driven rotating discs, and an adjustable handle for easy maneuverability. As the operator pushes the machine forward, ground wheel rotation engages the metering mechanism to release fertilizer at a controlled rate. The design allows for calibration to match crop-specific fertilizer requirements and row spacing. Its construction utilizes locally available materials, ensuring affordability, ease of maintenance, and adaptability to diverse farming conditions. Key advantages include reduced physical strain on farmers, uniform fertilizer distribution along crop rows, and decreased fertilizer runoff. By enhancing application accuracy, the machine supports sustainable farming practices, optimizes crop nutrition, and can contribute to higher agricultural productivity. Its manual operation makes it particularly suitable for regions with limited access to fuel or electricity, offering a practical, eco-friendly alternative to mechanized spreaders.

In human body liver is one of the most important largest organ which is mainly used for controls the blood flow, filters the blood, maintains the red blood cells, and maintains the digestion system. Liver lesion is one of the most common and effective deadly diseases which affects the liver with abnormal tissue growths. Although liver cancer which spreads the deadly tissues in the blood and lymphatic systems. Liver tumor happens when the abnormal growths of the deadly cells will affects the liver, and this kind of diseases will stops the liver work flow and spread the rest to the body. It can have several types of symptoms for various stages. It often diagnosis the combination of research in imaging and blood tests. In medical field imaging which mainly diagnosis by MRI or PET scan image. Our proposed method which explores advanced imaging modalities and deep learning techniques for the early detection and appropriate treatment or therapy of the liver cancer.

Background
Mental health problems among school-going adolescents have emerged as a critical public health issue, particularly in regions like Nadia District, West Bengal. Adolescents face multiple psychological challenges influenced by demographic and social variables. This study aims to assess the prevalence of mental health problems among school-going children and explore the impact of gender, educational level, and sibling presence. Methods
A quantitative descriptive research design with a cross-sectional survey approach was adopted. A total of 205 school-going children were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), developed by Dr. Robert Goodman (1997), which assesses behavioral and emotional well-being in children and adolescents. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques to determine group differences. Results Findings revealed that male students had relatively higher levels of mental health problems than female students, although the difference was not statistically significant. A significant variation was observed across educational levels, with secondary school students reporting higher mental health issues compared to their upper primary and higher secondary counterparts. Moreover, students with siblings reported significantly more mental health difficulties than those without siblings. Conclusions The study highlights the need for targeted mental health interventions among school-going adolescents, particularly at the secondary level and in families with multiple children. Gender-specific strategies may also be beneficial despite the lack of statistical significance in this domain. Interventions should include stress management programs, resilience-building workshops, and initiatives to enhance family communication and support systems. Strengthening school-based mental health services is essential to address the growing psychological needs of adolescents in this region.

Access to healthcare services is a fundamental component of child well-being and a core indicator of social equity within health systems. However, children with special needs, including those with physical, intellectual, developmental, and sensory impairments, continue to experience disproportionate barriers in accessing appropriate healthcare services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Ghana. Mothers, who are often the primary caregivers and health decision-makers for children with special needs, play a critical role in navigating healthcare systems and mitigating systemic gaps. This study examines access to healthcare services for children with special needs from the perspectives of mothers in Ghana, with specific attention to availability, affordability, accessibility, and acceptability of services. Drawing on qualitative insights and existing scholarship, the study highlights persistent challenges such as limited specialised facilities, inadequate professional expertise, financial constraints, social stigma, and weak policy implementation (World Health Organization [WHO], 2022; Boakye & Amoah, 2021). By foregrounding maternal experiences, the study contributes to ongoing debates on inclusive healthcare delivery and disability-responsive health systems in Ghana and similar contexts.

The efficient management of office information is critical to the operational sustainability of universities, particularly in resource-constrained contexts such as Nigeria. This study examined the influence of capacity building and staff competence on sustainable office information management in selected universities in Imo State, Nigeria. The population consisted of 357 secretaries and office managers across five universities: Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO); Imo State University (IMSU); Alvan Ikoku Federal University of Education (AIFUED); Kingsley Ozumba Mbadiwe University (KOMU); and University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (UAES). A stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 189 respondents, proportionally allocated across the universities. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that capacity building and staff competence were both significantly and positively associated with sustainable office information management. Specifically, capacity building (? = 0.358, p < 0.001) and staff competence (? = 0.402, p < 0.001) jointly explained 61.2% of the variance in sustainable office information management practices. The study concluded that human resource development is a critical driver of sustainable information management, with trained and competent staff enabling more effective utilization of digital records, efficient administrative processes, and environmentally sustainable practices. The study recommends that universities implement continuous professional development programs, enhance staff competence, and integrate green and digital office practices to promote sustainability in administrative operations. These findings contribute to the literature by empirically linking capacity building, staff competence, and sustainable office information management, offering practical guidance for higher education administrators.

The present study was aimed at the development and evaluation of a Cocos nucifera leaf sheath extract loaded phytosomal gel for enhanced wound healing activity. Cocos nucifera (family Arecaceae), commonly known as coconut palm, possesses various medicinal properties, and its leaf sheath is traditionally used for treating wounds and skin infections due to its antimicrobial and healing potential. However, the poor bioavailability of herbal extracts limits their therapeutic effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, a phytosomal drug delivery system was employed to improve the solubility, stability, and skin penetration of the bioactive phytoconstituents. Phytosomes were prepared using the solvent evaporation (thin-film hydration) method by complexing the leaf sheath extract with phospholipids. The prepared phytosomal complex was incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel to obtain a topical phytosomal gel. The formulation was evaluated for physical appearance, pH, spreadability, washability, viscosity, and compatibility using FTIR analysis. The formulated gel exhibited a pale brown color with smooth, uniform texture and good consistency. The pH of the formulation was found to be 5.49, which is compatible with skin pH. Spreadability was recorded as 25 g/cm/sec, indicating good ease of application. FTIR studies confirmed the absence of chemical interaction between the phytosomal complex and excipients, demonstrating good formulation compatibility and stability. The gel also showed good washability without leaving oily residues. Overall, the results suggest that the Cocos nucifera leaf sheath extract loaded phytosomal gel is a stable, skin-friendly, and effective topical formulation with promising potential for wound healing and related dermatological applications.

This study examines whether a mid-semester “At-Risk” protocol grounded in formative assessment can enhance academic recovery among foundation mathematics students at the National University of Samoa. Ninety-nine students (41 at-risk; 58 not-at-risk) were tracked across three checkpoints (Week 7, Week 14, Final Exam) using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and simple linear regression. Early coursework strongly predicted final outcomes (Week 7 ? Final: r = .80, R² = .63, p < .001), though predictability was lower for at-risk students (R² ? .42). Mid-semester improvement correlated moderately with final performance (Week 14 ? Final: r = .51, R² = .26, p < .001). This study demonstrates that resilience-informed formative assessment can shift academic trajectories for underprepared learners in small-island higher education systems. These findings indicate that early diagnostic checkpoints and structured feedback cycles should be adopted as standard practice across resource-constrained higher education systems to strengthen academic resilience and improve success rates for at-risk mathematics learners.

This study employs the GARCH-in-Mean model to determine the impact of balance of payments factors on exchange rates volatility in Nigeria. Specifically, we examine the extent to which changes in trade balance, FDI, FPI, external debt, remittances and current account balance affect the volatility of the Dollar/Naira exchange rate using weekly time series data from 2010 to 2024. We find that exchange rate return is persistent but not affected by risk-premia effect. Also, our findings show that changes in balance of payment factors significantly affect exchange rate volatility. However, while changes in trade balance, FDI, external debt, and current account balance increase exchange rate volatility, changes in FPI and remittances reduce exchange rate volatility. These findings have significant policy implications for effective management of exchange rate volatility towards macroeconomic stability in Nigeria.

The significance of corporate governance as a mechanism for ensuring accountability, transparency, and organizational effectiveness has been widely discussed in both financial and management literature. However, the empirical evidence regarding its influence on firm performance remains inconclusive, particularly in emerging market contexts characterized by concentrated ownership and evolving regulatory frameworks (Aguilera & Cuervo?Cazurra, 2009; Clarke, 2007). This study examines whether selected governance structures — board size, board independence, CEO duality, and the presence of board committees — are associated with financial performance among 100 non?financial companies listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) over the period 2015–2019. Accounting?based performance indicators, namely Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE), are used to assess firm performance. Secondary data sourced from audited annual reports and regulatory filings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that while governance practices are broadly implemented, none of the selected governance variables exhibits a statistically significant impact on firm performance. Board independence shows a positive but weak association with profitability, whereas CEO duality and board size demonstrate negligible effects. These findings imply that formal governance mechanisms in Sri Lanka may function more as compliance tools than as drivers of enhanced profitability. The study contributes to the sparse empirical evidence on corporate governance effectiveness in emerging markets and suggests directions for further research, including the consideration of ownership structure and market valuation metrics.

Precision and accuracy are foundational concepts in physics and engineering, yet they are frequently taught through decontextualised classroom exercises that limit meaningful application. This study investigates the use of a live school construction site as an authentic learning environment for developing precision and accuracy competences among Form 1 STEM learners under the 2023 Zambian Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC). Guided by four research questions, the study examined how construction-site engagement influenced conceptual understanding, instrument competence, error identification, ethical awareness, and implications for competence-based STEM implementation. A qualitative case study design was employed over three scaffolded 80-minute sessions conducted within one week. Data were collected through photographic and video documentation, learner measurement records, field notes, and group discussions, and analysed using thematic analysis complemented by descriptive comparison of measurement data. Learners measured wall dimensions, slab areas, and reinforcement bar diameters using metre rules, measuring tapes, Vernier calipers, and micrometer screw gauges under teacher facilitation and expert scaffolding from site personnel. Findings indicate that conceptual differentiation between precision and accuracy emerged through repeated measurement and comparison with design specifications. Instrument-handling proficiency improved progressively, including systematic zero-error correction and reduction of parallax. Learners developed structured error analysis skills and demonstrated ethical reasoning by linking measurement accuracy to structural integrity, budgeting, and safety. The study concludes that school infrastructure projects can serve as powerful, low-cost learning environments for competence-based STEM education, enabling measurement concepts to become visible, accountable, and professionally meaningful.

Pick-and-place robots are an essential component of modern industrial automation as they help reduce man power, enhance productivity, and improve operational accuracy. Despite these advantages, traditional industrial robotic systems are generally costly and critical, which restricts their adoption in small industries and academic environments. This research work focuses on the design and development of a low-cost pick-and-place robotic system constructed using easily available and economical components. The system is operated through a microcontroller and employs servo motors to enable accurate motion control of the robotic arm and gripper assembly. The developed robot is capable of executing basic pick-and-place tasks within a specified working area while maintaining satisfactory accuracy and repeatability. Special emphasis has been given to reducing the overall system cost without compromising functional performance or ease of fabrication. Experimental evaluation confirms that the prototype efficiently performs object handling operations, making it suitable for applications in small-scale industries, laboratory automation, and educational training. With the expanding demand for automation in small and medium-sized enterprises, the high cost of industrial robotic arms continues to act as a major limitation. To address this issue, the recommended system presents a cost-effective multi-axis pick-and- place robot designed for handling lightweight materials. The system architecture integrates a suitable controller (such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi) along with high-torque servo or stepper motors to achieve a balance between precision and affordability. Structural components were fabricated using materials such as 3D-printed PLA, aluminum, or acrylic and were designed using CAD software like SolidWorks or AutoCAD to ensure mechanical stability. Performance testing demonstrates that the robot can handle loads up to the specified weight with acceptable positional accuracy. The total fabrication cost is significantly lower than that of commercially available robotic solutions. This study highlights that efficient and reliable automation can be achieved using low-cost components, offering a scalable and practical solution for localized manufacturing and educational applications.

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation in higher education worldwide, compelling institutions to adopt emergency remote teaching practices (Dhawan, 2020). In Sri Lanka, this rapid transition exposed both institutional adaptability and structural vulnerabilities, creating a strategic opportunity to explore the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Global scholarship highlights AI's transformative potential in personalization, predictive analytics, automated assessment, and administrative efficiency (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2019; Holmes et al., 2019; Luckin et al., 2016). However, AI integration in Sri Lanka remains largely exploratory and lacks structured governance. This qualitative study investigates how lessons from pandemic-driven digital transformation can inform ethical and strategic AI adoption in Sri Lankan higher education. Inductive thematic analysis revealed growing acceptance of technology-enhanced learning and emerging engagement with generative AI tools. Nevertheless, persistent barriers remain, including infrastructural inequities, digital literacy gaps, absence of institutional AI policies, and concerns regarding academic integrity and data governance (UNESCO, 2021, 2023; Selwyn, 2019). The study concludes that sustainable AI integration requires capacity development, inclusive institutional strategy, and governance frameworks aligned with global ethical standards.

Parabens are class of chemicals widely used as preservatives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. They are effective preservatives in many types of formulas. These compounds and their salts are used primarily for their bacterial and fungicidal properties. They are also used as food additives. Their analogues viz. ethers, esters and hybrid / fused molecules also possess various biological activities which prompted us to synthesize few more analogues for their future application as bioactive molecules. The synthesized compound was unambiguously characterized by IR, 1HNMR, Maas and elemental analysis.

Corruption remains a persistent challenge in Nigeria’s public sector, undermining governance effectiveness, public trust, and sustainable development. Despite the existence of formal anti-corruption institutions, unethical practices continue to impede service delivery and institutional performance. This study examines the relationship between transparency, institutional strength, and ethical governance in Nigeria’s public sector. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative insights from policy documents and existing literature. Data were collected from 360 respondents across different demographic and employment categories using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Findings reveal a statistically significant association between transparency and the perceived effectiveness of anti-corruption mechanisms. A significant negative relationship was also found between institutional strength and corruption perception, indicating that stronger institutions are associated with lower levels of perceived corruption. Furthermore, technology-driven transparency, institutional reforms, public awareness, and whistleblower protection were identified as significant predictors of ethical governance. The study concludes that corruption in Nigeria’s public sector is fundamentally a systemic governance problem rooted in institutional weaknesses and transparency deficits. It recommends comprehensive institutional reforms, the adoption of digital transparency tools, and strengthened civic engagement as key strategies for promoting ethical governance.

This study examined the impact of housing design on residents’ satisfaction among low-income families in Katsina State, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the challenges of housing provision. Housing quality is a critical determinant of physical, mental, and social well-being, yet many low-income households reside in poorly designed housing characterized by inadequate ventilation, overcrowding, substandard building materials, and insufficient sanitation facilities. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and employed a multi-stage sampling technique to select respondents from urban and peri-urban areas of Katsina State. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multiple regression analysis. Findings indicate that most respondents rated housing design features, especially ventilation and sanitation, as poor. Nearly half expressed dissatisfaction with their housing conditions, correlating with frequent illness and poor indoor air quality. Statistical analysis identified sanitation and ventilation as key predictors of resident satisfaction. Major challenges include high building material costs, limited government support, land accessibility, and poor urban planning. The study concludes inadequate housing design significantly affects residents' well-being and recommends improved housing policies and increased government intervention in Katsina State.

This study investigates the effects of tax policies on corporate behavior and economic growth among residents of Katsina State, Nigeria. Taxation remains a critical fiscal tool through which governments mobilize revenue, influence business decisions, and stimulate economic development. However, inappropriate tax structures and enforcement mechanisms may discourage corporate investment, reduce compliance, and slow economic growth. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, using structured questionnaires to collect primary data from corporate organizations, tax officials, and relevant stakeholders within Katsina State. Secondary data were obtained from government reports, journals, and official publications. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while inferential analysis was employed to test the study hypotheses. The findings reveal that tax policies significantly influence corporate investment decisions, compliance behavior, and overall economic activities in Katsina State. The study further shows that excessive tax burdens and complex tax administration negatively affect business growth, while fair and transparent tax policies encourage compliance and economic expansion. The study concludes that effective tax reforms and improved administration are essential for enhancing corporate performance and sustaining economic growth. Recommendations were made for policymakers to simplify tax systems, strengthen enforcement mechanisms, and promote taxpayer education.

This study evaluated the environmental and health challenges associated with open waste dumpsites in Katsina Metropolis. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 385 respondents across various residential locations. Demographic analysis indicated a relatively balanced gender distribution and a majority of respondents within the economically active age group, highlighting the perspectives of those most exposed to environmental hazards. The study found that a large proportion of residents live in close proximity to dumpsites, facing environmental risks such as air pollution, water contamination, soil degradation, and pest infestation. Common health challenges reported included respiratory diseases, malaria, typhoid, and skin infections. Inferential analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between residential proximity to dumpsites and health outcomes, while correlation analysis demonstrated a moderately strong positive association between environmental pollution and health challenges. The findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable waste management practices, targeted public health interventions, and stricter policy enforcement to mitigate the environmental and health risks posed by open waste dumpsites in Katsina Metropolis.

Voltage instability in low-voltage distribution systems leads to malfunction, overheating, and premature failure of sensitive electrical and electronic equipment. To address this challenge, this paper presents the design and development of a 5 kVA single-phase microcontroller-based servo voltage stabilizer that maintains a nearly constant output voltage of 230 V despite wide input variations. The proposed system combines a servo-driven variac (autotransformer) with a buck–boost transformer and a microcontroller-based control card employing an LM324 operational amplifier for voltage sensing and feedback. The microcontroller continuously monitors the input and output voltages and drives an AC servo motor via relay/driver circuitry to adjust the variac position, providing smooth, continuous correction with typical accuracy of ±1% of nominal voltage. The stabilizer incorporates protection features such as overvoltage, undervoltage, overload, and short-circuit protection using an MCB, fuses, contactors, limit switches, and control logic. Experimental results on a laboratory prototype demonstrate successful regulation of output voltage at 230 V for input voltages in the 170–270 V range, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed design for domestic, commercial, and small industrial loads up to 5 kVA.

This study analyzes the pivotal role played by the Financial Services sector—comprising Banking, Insurance, and Capital Markets—in driving the economic growth of the Coimbatore region. A robust financial system is the backbone of any modern economy, facilitating capital formation, risk management, and the efficient allocation of resources. The study adopts a descriptive research design based on primary data collected from 125 respondents, ranging from MSME entrepreneurs to salaried investors. The analysis focuses on the accessibility of credit, investment habits, and the impact of digitization on business turnover. The findings reveal that while the banking sector remains the primary source of capital for industrial growth, there is a significant shift towards capital market investments among the younger workforce. The paper concludes that bridging the credit gap for small enterprises and improving financial literacy are essential to accelerating regional economic development.

Faculty quality is the bedrock of technical education excellence. In India, the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) sets rigorous standards for evaluating institutional faculty performance, particularly through Criteria 5—Faculty Information and Contributions. This paper delivers an web- Application exploration of NBA Criteria 5 tailored to diploma engineering institutions, contextualized within recent updates outlined in the NBA 2025 guidelines. Through systematic deconstruction of sub-criteria, marks distribution, and assessment methodologies, the study elucidates the paradigm shift from subjective compliance to evidence- based, data-driven evaluation. Drawing on institutional case studies and comparative data visualization, the paper contrasts Tier I and Tier II research expectations, highlights the growing imperative for industry-academia collaboration, and underscores the integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and innovative teaching practices. The research synthesizes insights from both technical education quality assurance literature and advanced data management frameworks, advocating actionable strategies for compliance and continuous improvement. The findings underscore the transformative potential of robust faculty information systems and collaborative, technology-driven approaches in achieving and sustaining NBA accreditation.

Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxy benzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is used in the synthesis of various active pharmaceutical ingredients such as Etamivan, Modecainide, Brovanexine, Vanitiolide, Vanyldisulfamide etc. In this paper, novel ester / hybrid derivative of vanillic acid was synthesized. This combinatorial synthesis of novel vanallic ester / hybrid derivative can be a useful approach to generate potent chemotherapeutic agents in developing new drug candidates.

Water plays a very important role in sustaining life. The quality of water acts as a barometer of the environmental health and well being of the human society. In the last 3 to 4 centuries, urbanization and industrialization have progressed affecting water bodies, which are being generally used for discharging domestic and industrial wastes. The river water pollution has an adverse effect on the environmental health and hygiene of people in surrounding areas of the river. It also affects the river water ecosystem. In order to assess the quality of Mithi River water, four sampling stations along the course of the Mithi River were selected. The sampling points were selected in such a manner so as to ensure substantial pollution, considering the residential units and commercial activities near the sampling points. The investigation has been carried out throughout the month i.e. from September 2025 to December 2025. The physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, TDS, metal ions were analysed and were found to be within limits.

This qualitative case study explores how sustained engagement with the scientific process, grounded in local contexts and authentic practice, shapes science learning in an African STEM secondary school. The study draws on a long-term inquiry in which learners and teachers collaboratively produced ethanol from cassava through fermentation and repeated fractional distillation using locally available materials and community-informed methods. Data were generated through teacher reflective journals, learner laboratory records, observations, informal interviews, and comparative analysis of school-based and community-based processes. Thematic analysis focused on learners’ reasoning, decision-making, responses to failure, and evolving perceptions of science learning over time. Findings indicate that learners experienced science as an iterative and evolving practice rather than a body of fixed knowledge. Early experimental failure and inconsistent outcomes functioned as productive catalysts for inquiry, prompting data-driven analysis, iterative redesign, and collaborative problem-solving. As the project progressed, learners shifted from answer-seeking to diagnostic and predictive reasoning, demonstrating increased scientific agency and epistemic confidence. Learning beyond conventional laboratory spaces further deepened understanding by exposing learners to real-world constraints, environmental variability, and ethical considerations. The study concludes that authentic, long-term inquiry is essential for developing the scientific competences envisioned in competence-based curricula. It argues that science education in African contexts must move beyond short, outcome-driven practical activities toward learning experiences that allow learners to live the scientific process through sustained engagement with real problems and local knowledge.

Gully erosion remains a major environmental problem in southeastern Nigeria, causing soil degradation, infrastructural damage, as well as loss of agricultural productivity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) in stabilizing a gully erosion site located along Old Nekede Road, Owerri West, Imo State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from eroded (bare) and non-eroded (Bermuda grass-covered) sections of the gully and subjected to laboratory analyses including grain size distribution, moisture content determination, Atterberg limits, and direct shear strength tests. Results showed that the non-eroded soils contained higher fine particle content (24.8%) compared with eroded soils (18.0%). Moisture content was significantly lower in the vegetated area (22.7%) compared to the eroded section (24.3%), while both soils were classified as non-plastic. Shear strength analysis indicated higher shear resistance in the vegetated soils (99.5 kN/m²) compared to eroded soils (87.9 kN/m²). The findings demonstrate that Bermuda grass improves soil stability by enhancing shear strength and surface protection against erosion processes. Therefore, vegetation-based stabilization using Bermuda grass is recommended as an effective and sustainable method for controlling gully erosion in the study area and similar environments.

The growing need for secure, contactless, and auto- mated attendance systems has led to the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in educational environments. This paper presents an Advanced Attendance System using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Geo-fencing, designed to eliminate manual errors and prevent proxy attendance. The proposed system leverages BLE-based smartphone identification and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) filtering to detect students within classroom proximity, while geo-fencing ensures they are present within the campus boundary. A Raspberry Pi 3B+ serves as the central scanning and processing unit, communicating attendance data to a cloud-based database. Additionally, an AI chatbot agent is incorporated to assist students and teachers by providing attendance summaries, performance analytics, and automated reporting through natural language interaction. The proposed system is low-cost, energy- efficient, and scalable, offering a reliable solution for smart campus environments by combining IoT, BLE, and AI-driven automation. Experimental results demonstrate successful device detection within a 5-6 meter range with RSSI values of -66 dB, validating the system’s effectiveness for proximity-based attendance marking.

This project aims to design and build an electro-pneumatic robotic arm for pick-and-place applications. Using pneumatic components powered by an air compressor, the arm is designed to efficiently handle materials by lifting and positioning objects at varied heights, which is critical in industrial environments. Unlike standard electrical and hydraulic systems, which can be pricey, this pneumatic solution has three cylinders and works with a four-way, three-position directional control valve (4/3 DCV). In order to deliver the best performance, the design incorporates kinematics, dynamics, and structural analysis concepts. The arm's design provides for precise position control, allowing for seamless transitions between different heights using pressure modifications via flow control valves. This device is ideal for loading and unloading in shipping and logistics environments.

Tourism development has become a strategic priority for regional economic growth, requiring effective strategic management to enhance promotion and competitiveness. This study aims to analyze strategic management as an approach to tourism promotion in South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, focusing on strategy formulation, implementation, and evaluation processes, as well as determinant factors influencing effectiveness through a collaborative stakeholder framework. The research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how strategic management practices contribute to improving tourism promotion outcomes within a regional governance context. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach conducted at the Tourism Office of South Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Data were collected through interviews with key stakeholders, direct observation, literature review, and documentation analysis. Data analysis utilized a qualitative strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats framework to identify internal and external factors affecting strategic management practices and tourism promotion initiatives. The findings reveal that the region possesses significant tourism potential, particularly in marine and cultural tourism, yet promotional performance remains constrained by limited financial resources, insufficient human resource capacity, and suboptimal stakeholder collaboration. Strategic formulation processes have been initiated but lack comprehensive integration, while implementation relies heavily on digital media and community-based initiatives. Evaluation practices are conducted periodically; however, they tend to focus on operational outcomes rather than long-term strategic improvement. The study highlights the importance of collaboration among government, academia, business sectors, communities, and media in strengthening tourism promotion strategies. In conclusion, strategic management provides a valuable framework for enhancing tourism promotion effectiveness, but stronger institutional coordination, digital innovation, and collaborative governance are necessary to achieve sustainable outcomes. The study contributes to understanding strategic management in regional tourism development and offers insights for improving policy and practice.

This seminar paper explores the relationship between creativity and entrepreneurial success in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Buea, Cameroon. Creativity is increasingly acknowledged as a fundamental driver of innovation, competitiveness, and sustainability in entrepreneurship. The paper examines theoretical perspectives on creativity and its practical manifestations in SMEs, while reviewing empirical studies that link creativity to opportunity recognition, innovation, and business performance. Findings indicate that creativity enhances SME resilience, market adaptability, and long-term growth. Recommendations emphasize the need for entrepreneurial training, supportive policy frameworks, and enhanced innovation ecosystems to sustain SME development in Buea.

This study examines the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation in the financial management practices of Coimbatore city. Known as the "Manchester of South India," Coimbatore is rapidly transitioning from a traditional manufacturing hub to a digitally integrated economy. The study adopts a descriptive research design based on primary data collected from MSMEs and individual investors to analyze the dual impact of these technologies: the opportunities they present regarding cost reduction and global credit access, and the challenges regarding data privacy and the "digital skill gap." The findings reveal that while digital lending and automated accounting have streamlined operations, there remains a significant need for cybersecurity awareness and workforce upskilling. The paper concludes that a balanced approach, integrating tech-efficiency with human oversight, is essential for the city's sustainable financial growth.

The study area falls under southern granulite terrain bounded by two curvilinear shear zones and part of Salem block . geologically the area composed of 3 group of rocks, they are 1) Older metamorphic group consists of Dunite / Peridotite, meta pyroxenite and meta gabbro rocks, 2) The Charnockinte Group consists of magnetite quartzite, pyroxene granulite and charnockite rocks and 3) The migmatite group consists of hornblende biotite gneiss, pink and grey granitic gneiss. Gabbro/dolerite dykes are younger basic intrusives and pegmatite / quartz veins are younger acid intrusives intruded in to the country rock. The data of stream sediments includes concentrations (in ppm) of 16 trace elements: Ba, Ga, Sc, V, Th, Pb, Ni, Co, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cr, Cu, and Zn, measured using XRF method. Enrichment factors (EF = sample concentration / UCC value) were calculated. Values >1 indicate enrichment relative to UCC, >2 suggest moderate enrichment, and >10 indicate significant anomaly, potentially indicating ore-forming processes Maximum EF >10: Ba (max ~35x in sample 68), Sr ( ~7x, but not >10), Zr (~11x in sample 101), Nb (~7x), Cr (~13x in sample 15), Cu (~10.9x in sample 26), Zn (~2.5x). . High variability in Ba, Sr, Zr, Cr, and Cu suggests localized enrichment processes, possibly related to mineralization.by PCA analysis of samples PC1 (~30-40% variance): High loadings on mafic elements (Sc 0.3, V 0.3, Ni 0.3, Co 0.3, Cr 0.3, Cu 0.2, Zn 0.2), representing mafic component.PC2 (~20-30% variance): High loadings on incompatible elements (Ba 0.3, Rb 0.3, Th 0.2, Y 0.2, Zr 0.3, Nb 0.3), representing felsic/granitic component. Cluster analysis reveals three main groups: background, Ba-rich (felsic), and Cr-Ni rich (mafic). PCA highlights mafic vs felsic controls on variance, while t-SNE visualizes distinct distributions.

NBA Criterion 4 focuses on evaluating students’ performance, which includes academic results, pass percentage, student progression, placement outcomes, higher studies, internships, and achievements. In many educational institutions, this information is maintained using manual methods such as registers, spreadsheets, and scattered documents. As a result, departments often face issues like data redundancy, missing records, inaccurate reporting, and increased time and effort during accreditation preparation and internal performance evaluation. This project proposes an Automated Student Performance Data and Report Management System that provides a centralized and secure platform for storing, managing, and analyzing student performance data. The system enables authorized faculty and administrators to record student details, update academic results, maintain placement and progression information, and generate NBA Criterion 4 compliant reports. It also supports exporting reports in PDF and Excel formats, which simplifies documentation, sharing, and submission processes. Additionally, the system includes dashboards and analytical tools to monitor performance trends such as pass percentage, placement statistics, and student progression patterns. Overall, the proposed system reduces manual workload, improves accuracy, ensures transparency, and supports efficient preparation of NBA Criterion 4 documentation.

The development of advanced surveillance systems aimed at anticipating and preventing criminal activity has been prompted by the increasing need for public safety. In order to enhance situational awareness and security responses, this project presents a CCTV-based crime forecasting architecture that incorporates many video analysis modules. Through the use of cutting-edge object detection techniques like YOLOv4, the system uses real-time fight detection and weapon identification to enable the prompt identification of violent situations. At the same time, pose estimation and feature extraction algorithms are used to analyze suspicious behavior by observing odd human behavior in sensitive or busy areas. Video improvement techniques like picture deblurring and adaptive filtering are used to improve the clarity of surveillance footage, ensuring accurate identification even in difficult or low-light situations. An automated alarm system notifies security staff when potential threats are detected, allowing for quick action and reducing the hazards to onlookers. To achieve high precision and real-time functionality, the suggested framework combines powerful machine learning algorithms, pattern recognition techniques, and efficient video processing. The system's potential for deployment in public spaces, transit hubs, and critical infrastructures is highlighted by experimental results that show it effectively detects criminal activity while reducing false alarms. This all-encompassing strategy improves safety and speeds up decision-making in urban environments by providing a scalable and clever solution for proactive crime deterrent.

The implementation of regional autonomy requires local governments to strengthen their fiscal capacity through effective management of Regional Original Revenue. One potential source of revenue is market retribution, which is closely linked to public service provision and local economic activities. This study aims to analyze the management of market retribution in increasing Regional Original Revenue in South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, with a focus on management processes and their contribution to regional fiscal performance. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews with relevant informants, and analysis of official documents related to market retribution management. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model involving data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing to ensure systematic and credible interpretation. The findings indicate that market retribution management has been implemented in accordance with existing regulations; however, its effectiveness remains limited. Weaknesses were identified in planning, particularly in uniform tariff determination and limited stakeholder involvement. Implementation challenges include low compliance among traders, insufficient supervision, and resource constraints. Organizational capacity and bureaucratic behavior further influence the consistency of retribution collection. Although market retribution shows growth in nominal terms, its contribution to Regional Original Revenue remains suboptimal and has not significantly enhanced regional fiscal independence. In conclusion, improving market retribution management requires institutional strengthening, differentiated tariff policies, enhanced supervision, and greater reinvestment in market services. These measures are essential to increase the effectiveness of market retribution as a sustainable source of regional revenue.

This study examines the impact of inflation on the monthly budgeting and savings behaviour of middle-class households in Coimbatore city. Inflation has a direct influence on household expenditure patterns, purchasing power, and the ability to save for future needs. The study adopts a descriptive research design and is based on primary data collected from middle-class households in Coimbatore. Data were analysed using percentage analysis, Chi-square test, and correlation analysis to understand the relationship between inflation, budgeting decisions, and savings patterns. The findings reveal that rising prices of essential goods and services significantly disrupt household budgets and reduce savings capacity. The study emphasizes the need for effective financial planning, income adjustment mechanisms, and policy interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of inflation on middle-class families.

This study examined the impact of fuel subsidy removal on citizen satisfaction in Nigeria. It reviewed literature on the economic consequences of subsidy removal, energy affordability, public perception, and lessons from other countries. The study aimed to assess how subsidy removal affects household finances and living standards, evaluate citizen satisfaction, and compare its impact across socio-economic groups. Using a mixed-method approach (survey and documentary analysis), data were analyzed with mean and standard deviation, with 2.50 set as the positive benchmark. Findings revealed that subsidy removal contributed to economic instability, negatively affected households, and disproportionately burdened low-income groups. The study concluded that while subsidy removal may raise electricity costs and cause short-term hardship, it could also promote a more efficient and sustainable power sector. It recommended, among other measures, that the government increase the minimum wage to help workers cope with higher energy costs and reduce labor resistance.

Background: This current study was focused on the design and synthesis of a novel derivative of metformin and uracil to study the efficacy of both moieties as anticancer agents. Methods: The target compound was successfully designed and prepared by condensation of uracil-5-methyl chloride with metformin in anhydrous pyridine as an acid scavenger. The prepared compound could be considered as a chemical isoster of both 5-FU and metformin in an attempt to augment the anticancer activity of 5-FU. Both target compound and 5-FU were subjected to anticancer activity in a comparative manner against a human A-2780 ovarian, HT-29 colon, MCF-7 breast, and HEPG-2 liver carcinoma cells. Results: The compound showed a promising activity relative to 5-Fluorouracil which was used as a reference standard. Conclusion: the synergistic activity of the compound and 5-FU was studied that showed an amazing results.

This study examined the interplay between leadership approaches, team dynamics, and performance outcomes in social work projects at Dzaleka Refugee Camp, Malawi. A mixed-methods descriptive correlational design was employed, drawing quantitative data from 100 project staff and qualitative insights from 15 key informants, including project managers and coordinators. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, while qualitative data from interviews and focus group discussions were thematically analyzed. Findings revealed that transformational leadership was the most prevalent approach and was strongly associated with positive team dynamics, including effective communication, trust, and collaboration, which in turn enhanced project performance outcomes. Conversely, authoritarian leadership styles were associated with reduced team morale and lower project efficiency. The study highlights the importance of adaptive and participatory leadership in resource-constrained and culturally diverse humanitarian settings. The findings have implications for leadership training and capacity-building programs aimed at strengthening social work project performance and improving service delivery to refugee populations.

Ecotourism has increasingly been promoted as a strategic approach to achieving sustainable development by integrating environmental conservation with local economic improvement. In Indonesia, essential ecosystem areas represent landscapes where biodiversity protection and development interests intersect, requiring coherent public policies to ensure balanced outcomes. This study aims to analyze the development of ecotourism policies in the Essential Ecosystem Area of the Tanjung Binerean Wildlife Corridor, South Bolaang Mongondow Regency, with a particular focus on their role in enhancing community economic welfare while maintaining conservation objectives. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature review, field observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation analysis. The study examined policy processes, institutional arrangements, and stakeholder roles related to ecotourism development. Data were analyzed using qualitative techniques involving data reduction, data presentation, and data verification to ensure the credibility and consistency of findings. The results indicate that ecotourism development in the Tanjung Binerean Wildlife Corridor is supported by a comprehensive regulatory framework, including regional regulations, collaborative management mechanisms, and a multi-year action plan. These policies reflect a strong commitment to community-based ecotourism and biodiversity conservation, particularly for endemic wildlife species. However, the study finds that policy implementation remains suboptimal due to limited institutional capacity, weak inter-agency coordination, overlapping governance authorities, insufficient human resources, and low community readiness for ecotourism activities. As a result, the economic and conservation benefits of ecotourism have not yet been fully realized. In conclusion, while ecotourism policies in the Tanjung Binerean Wildlife Corridor demonstrate strong normative and regulatory foundations, their effectiveness depends on improved institutional synergy, capacity building, and community empowerment. Strengthening policy implementation is essential to transform ecotourism from a regulatory aspiration into a tangible driver of sustainable local development.

Industrial personnel such as workers, junior officers, managers, and executives face considerable levels of occupational psychological distress because of heavy burdens, longer working hours, and time- related demands. The goal of this study was to investigate the aspects that contribute to job stress in nurses and see how top management assistance can help them deal with it. The focus of this research is on “The Pervasiveness of Psychological Distress among Employees with the Moderating Role of Management Support: Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector”. The study had a sample size of 400 employees; data was collected through online questionnaires and was collected by convenient sampling. Result analysis was carried out on SPSS version 21. Correlation analysis and moderated regression analysis were performed to test all formulated hypotheses. It was evident from our analyzed results that moderator i.e. the association between workload and management support is positively moderated by management support, job insecurity, and psychological distress respectively. The limitations to our study were the small sample size and common method bias due to self-report. It was suggested that more research be done using the data, included in this study with the combination of more variables and with increased sample size and using the data provided in strategically planning for similar psychological distress levels.

This study aimed to investigate the causes of resource-based conflict between pastoralists and farmers communities in Rufiji district. The study adopted cross-section research design in data collection, management and analysis as well as deductive research approach methodology. The population of the study included farmers and pastoralists undertaking agricultural activities in the study area. The study employed stratified and simple random sampling procedures to select study sample size where a total of 156 farmers and pastoralists were engaged. Questionnaire was used to gather quantitative data from farmers and pastoralists which was administered by the researcher. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics analysis through SPSS version 26. The study revealed that, climate change has led to increased resource based conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Rufiji Districts. The findings also show that, scarce land resources has led to increased conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Rufiji Districts. The study concluded that, climate change has association with scarcity of land resources that fuel conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. The study recommended the government to find ways of supporting the communities with access to water and land that can enable pastoralists and farmers to meet their needs of resources without confrontation. The elders between the parties in the conflict should maintain effective communication to address the problems based on their experience.

Background and Objectives: Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) is a vital blood test used for analysis, measuring how much iron the blood protein, transferritin can transport indicating how the body can carry iron and also aid in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and other disorders of iron metabolism. Haematocrit is a vital component of a complete blood count (CBC). It measures the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in the total volume of blood. Total Iron Binding Capacity and Haematocrit Value remain global public health concerns, particularly among male and female patients. The aim of the study was to assess total iron binding capacity and haematocrit levels among male and female patients of Federal Medical Centre Makurdi, Benue State. Materials and Methods: A total number of 50 male and female patients were recruited for the study, comprising of 25 male and 25 female patients. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. 5 mL of whole blood was collected from each patient venepuncture and was dispense into a plain container and Ethylendiamine tetracetic acid. The coagulated blood in the plain container was spun to retrieve the serum and the serum was stored at -20°C in another plain tube. Serum iron and unsaturated iron binding capacity were analyzed by Spectrophotometric method while Haematocrit value was obtained using the Microhematocrit Method. Results: From the results of the study, P-value was shown to be lesser than 0.05 (P<0.05) in haematocrit, and greater than 0.05 (P>0.05) in Total Iron Binding Capacity. It can therefore be said that there were statistically significant values among the means of the different age and gender groups for haematocrit; and there were no statistically significant values among the means of the different age and gender groups for Total Iron Binding Capacity. It further shows that the Mean±SD of Haematocrit for females (18-19 years), females (20-29 years), males (18-19 years) and males (20-29 years) were 33.50±4.212, 34.53±4.547, 45.25±4.583, and 42.59±4.251 respectively. While for TIBC, it was 314.30±50.526, 329.27±44.682, 335.13±40.304, and 318.18±61.580 respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means and see if the results revealed at least one that differed from the other. Conclusion: The Null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in total iron binding capacity and haematocrit levels between male and female patients is therefore accepted, and the Alternative hypothesis of the study rejected. Hence, the study concludes that Haematocrit and Total Iron Binding Capacity levels were elevated in males and decreased in females.

Isoeugenol is a major constituent from the essential oil of Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) and is also common in other spice oils. Contrary to eugenol, the physical appearance of isoeugenol varies from white crystalline (trans-isoeugenol) to a pale yellow liquid (cis-isoeugenol). Plants synthesize isoeugenol like other VPs as a defence compound against animals and micro-organisms, as well as attracting pollinators. Isoeugenol is one of several structurally similar phenylpropenoid compounds produced by plants. As a fragrance with a spicy, carnation-like odour, isoeugenol is incorporated into numerous household and personal hygiene products due to the pleasant spicy, carnation-like fragrance. As a flavouring agent, it is used in drinks, baked foods and chewing gums. Isoeugenol is known for its anti-infective properties and has been found to possess high antibacterial and antifungal activities. For these reasons, this phenylpropene molecule has been used as a preservative and a medicinal agent (EFSA, 2012; Nazzaro et al., 2013). Even though isoeugenol has been the least studied of all the VPs, noteworthy efficacies against Mycobacterium smegmatis (25 ?g/mL), and the fungi Laetiporus sulphureus at 27.6 ?g/mL, have certainly shown promising activity. It is thus, recommended that the anti-infective properties against other micro-organisms be given more attention against this lesser studied molecule. Its analogues also show many biological activities which prompted us to synthesize few more analogues for their future application as bioactive molecules. All these analogues were extensively purified by chromatographic techniques and unambiguously characterized by 1H NMR, IR, elemental analysis and Mass spectral data. These molecules were screened for their potential antibacterial activity against certain Gram positive and Gram negative cultures. Few of them posses promising antibacterial activity.

The purpose of this study is to examine consumer awareness, challenges faced, and satisfaction levels related to general insurance products among policyholders in Coimbatore district. Using a structured questionnaire, data were collected from 200 respondents. The study identifies the current level of awareness, key problems encountered in policy purchase and claims, and overall satisfaction with services provided by general insurance companies. Findings indicate moderate awareness, significant challenges in claim settlement processes, and varied satisfaction levels based on service quality and product understanding. This study offers suggestions to enhance awareness and consumer satisfaction.

Health insurance plays a crucial role in protecting individuals and families from the financial burden of rising medical expenses. Middle class families, despite having relatively stable incomes, often face significant challenges in meeting healthcare costs due to limited awareness and understanding of health insurance schemes. The present study aims to examine the level of awareness, perception, and utilization of health insurance among middle class families. It also attempts to identify the factors influencing the purchase of health insurance policies and the problems faced by policyholders. The study is based on both primary and secondary data, with primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from selected middle class households. Secondary data were gathered from journals, reports, and official publications. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis and simple descriptive methods were used for data interpretation. The findings of the study reveal that while awareness about health insurance has increased in recent years, there is still a gap in detailed knowledge regarding policy benefits, coverage, and claim procedures. The study concludes that improved financial literacy, effective awareness programs, and transparent policy information are essential to enhance health insurance coverage among middle class families.

The prevention of violence against children represents a critical public policy challenge that requires effective implementation at the local government level to ensure the protection and fulfillment of children’s rights. This study aims to analyze the implementation of policies for preventing violence against children in Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Selatan, with particular attention to planning, implementation, supervision, and determinant factors influencing policy performance. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, using in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and document analysis to capture empirical evidence from policy implementers and relevant stakeholders. Data were analyzed inductively to identify patterns related to organizational capacity, communication, information systems, and task distribution. The findings indicate that policy implementation generally adheres to existing regulatory frameworks and administrative procedures and is supported by integrated mechanisms involving prevention, service delivery, case handling, assistance, and rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these policies remains constrained by limited human resource capacity, uneven allocation of roles and responsibilities, and insufficient policy socialization to the community, which together reduce the preventive impact and contribute to the persistence of violence cases. The study highlights the importance of strengthening institutional capacity, improving communication and information systems, and enhancing supervision to achieve more effective and sustainable child violence prevention. These findings underscore the significance of aligning policy design with local implementation capacity and provide practical insights for improving child protection policies at the regional level.

This article evaluates the food security gains derived from Malawi’s Social Cash Transfer Programme (SCTP) with a focus on Malasa Village in Nkhotakota District. Using evidence drawn from primary data collected through household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions, the study assesses how cash transfers have influenced household food consumption patterns, nutrition, and overall well-being. The findings indicate notable improvements in the number of daily meals, dietary diversity, and the duration households maintain adequate food supplies. In addition, the SCTP has enhanced beneficiaries’ resilience against economic shocks and contributed to sustainable livelihoods. These results provide empirical insights for policymakers, development partners, and practitioners working on social protection and food security interventions in Malawi and similar contexts.

This study examined the impact of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial success, defined through profitability, innovation adoption, and market expansion, among food and beverage small and medium-sized enterprises in Nigeria's South-East and South-South regions, while assessing the moderating effects of individualised consideration on innovation outcomes. A quantitative cross-sectional survey collected data from 250 owners and senior managers of registered small and medium-sized enterprises using a structured questionnaire that included the 20-item Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Short Form and a 15-item entrepreneurial success scale, both measured on 5-point Likert scales. Multi-stage sampling ensured regional balance from an estimated population of 1,200 firms per the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria records. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alphas of 0.91 and 0.87, respectively, and validity through factor analysis. Structural equation modelling in AMOS analyses paths, with model fit indices indicating adequacy. Results revealed a strong positive effect of transformational leadership on entrepreneurial success (? = 0.673, p < 0.001). Individualised consideration significantly moderated innovation impacts (? = 0.248, p = 0.003), though regional and firm size effects were not significant. These results assert the fundamental roles of transformational leadership contributing to resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises, provide theoretical extensions of full-range leadership theory in emerging market, and practical blueprints of leadership training in agencies such as small and medium enterprises development agency of Nigeria, policymakers in promoting non-oil development, and entrepreneurs in overcoming volatility.

The study assessed the role of the Police Gender Desk(PGD) in fighting gender-based violence (GBV) amidstincreased cases of GBV in Arusha region, Tanzania. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used where questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion, and documentary review were used as key data collection methods. The study reached total of 100 participants across northern Tanzania, applied key informant interviews, focused group discussion as well as questionnaire.The study employed descriptive methods whereby collected data, after being processed by computer through SPSS package in which data where tabulated in tables and percentage, then calculated so as to facilitate the interpretation as well as drawing a conclusion. The study revealed numbers of challenges included limited resources, inadequate training, societal norms and attitudes towards gender-based violence, lack of coordination with other agencies, and institutional barriers within the police force

The present study examines work stress, defence mechanisms, and emotional well-being among staff members of Vidhyadeep University using a psychoanalytic perspective. Psychoanalytic theory explains that stress often activates unconscious conflicts, and individuals attempt to reduce anxiety by employing defence mechanisms. A descriptive survey method was adopted for this study. The sample consisted of 60 staff members (teaching and non-teaching) selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a Work Stress Scale (self-developed), a Defence Mechanism Inventory (standard tool), and an Emotional Well-Being Scale (standard tool). Statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation, percentage analysis, Pearson correlation, and independent sample t-test were used. Findings showed that most staff members had moderate levels of work stress. Commonly used defence mechanisms were rationalization, denial, and displacement. A negative correlation was found between work stress and emotional well-being, indicating that higher stress is associated with lower emotional well-being. The study highlights the importance of staff counselling and emotional support programs at the university level.

Financial inclusion has been widely promoted as a strategy for advancing women’s empowerment and inclusive development, it’s also transformative potential remains uneven across social and economic dimensions. This study examines the role of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in promoting financial inclusion and analyzes its implications for women’s empowerment, agency and socio-economic transformation through a secondary, descriptive and analytical research design. Drawing on a systematic synthesis of peer-reviewed journal articles, doctoral theses and institutional reports published between 2019 and 2024, the study integrates evidence across financial, economic, social and agency-based dimensions of empowerment. The findings indicate that SHG-led financial inclusion has been most effective in enhancing women’s access to savings and credit, thereby strengthening economic participation and livelihood security. The study further demonstrates that while SHGs function as critical entry points for empowerment, financial inclusion alone is insufficient to achieve sustained socio-economic transformation without supportive institutional, social and policy frameworks. By offering an integrated analytical framework that links financial inclusion with multidimensional empowerment outcomes, the study contributes to the literature on gender-responsive development and underscores the need for holistic approaches to inclusive growth.

Malware has emerged as one of the most significant and persistent threats in modern computing environments due to the rapid expansion of internet connectivity, cloud services, and software distribution platforms. Malicious software today encompasses a wide range of threats including viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, spyware, and advanced persistent threats (APTs), many of which are designed to evade traditional detection mechanisms. Conventional antivirus solutions predominantly rely on signature-based detection techniques, which require prior knowledge of malware patterns and are therefore ineffective against zero-day attacks, polymorphic malware, and heavily obfuscated binaries. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Malware Detection System using Machine Learning that addresses these challenges through a hybrid analysis approach. The proposed system integrates static analysis, which examines intrinsic file characteristics without execution, and dynamic behavior analysis, which studies runtime activities obtained from sandbox execution logs. By combining these complementary feature sets, the system achieves improved detection accuracy and robustness against evasion techniques. The malware detection pipeline is implemented as a secure, web-based application that allows users to upload executable files for analysis. Uploaded files are processed in an isolated environment to ensure host system safety. A supervised machine learning model, trained on trusted public datasets, classifies files as benign or malicious, predicts likely malware families, and estimates severity levels to aid risk assessment. This paper provides a comprehensive engineering-oriented documentation of the system, including detailed system architecture, system modeling, data flow diagrams, UML diagrams, methodology, implementation details, and testing strategies.
Experimental evaluation using standard performance metrics demonstrates high classification accuracy and a low false-negative rate, validating the suitability of the proposed system for practical deployment and academic evaluation.

In recent years, unaccredited or “fly by night” higher education institutions have increasingly proliferated across Africa, presenting a complex challenge for students, employers, and national education systems. These institutions often operate without formal recognition from national quality assurance agencies, offering programmes that promise rapid degrees with minimal academic engagement or oversight. Students are frequently attracted by low entry barriers, flexible study options, and the allure of quick credentials, yet these advantages come at a significant cost. Through a qualitative document analysis of regulatory reports, media investigations, and policy discussions, this study explores the defining characteristics of these institutions and the consequences of student engagement with them. The findings reveal that students often incur substantial financial losses and receive qualifications that carry little value in employment markets or for further academic progression. Many also encounter obstacles in professional registration or admission to legitimate programmes, leading to frustration, delayed career paths, and eroded trust in formal education systems. While national regulatory bodies across African countries have implemented warnings, monitoring efforts, and closure campaigns, enforcement gaps and limited public awareness continue to enable the persistence of these providers. The study underscores the need for strengthened verification mechanisms, coordinated policy responses across borders, and comprehensive educational campaigns to guide prospective students in distinguishing accredited institutions from fraudulent ones. Implications also extend to employers, who must implement reliable credential verification processes, and to policymakers, who are encouraged to foster regional cooperation in higher education quality assurance. By highlighting both systemic and individual-level impacts, this research contributes to understanding how unaccredited institutions affect the integrity, equity, and effectiveness of higher education across Africa.

Background: Adherence to safety precautions among healthcare workers (HCWs) is fundamental to preventing healthcare-associated infections and occupational exposures. A disparity between knowledge and practice remains a critical challenge, as noted in previous studies in similar settings [8, 9]. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and self-reported practice of standard safety precautions among HCWs and to identify factors associated with compliance, with implications for technology-enabled interventions. Methods: A hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 randomly selected HCWs (doctors, nurses, and laboratory technicians) at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria from January to March 2024. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire adapted from validated instruments [1, 2]. Knowledge and practice scores were categorized as good (geq 80%), moderate (60 - 79%), and poor (

In modern commercial kitchens and food-processing units, oil fumes and grease vapors pose serious environmental, operational, and health challenges. Continuous cooking processes generate airborne oil particles, smoke, and strong odors that accumulate inside ducts, exhaust systems, and ventilation pipelines. Over time, this buildup not only reduces airflow efficiency but also increases the risk of fire hazards and respiratory issues among workers. An Oil Fume Cleaning Robot is an automated mechanical system specifically designed to remove grease deposits and contaminants from kitchen exhaust ducts and ventilation channels. By improving cleaning precision and operational safety, these robots enhance air quality, reduce maintenance time, and ensure compliance with safety regulations. This paper discusses the historical development, technological structure, socioeconomic impact, associated challenges, and future growth prospects of oil fume cleaning robots in industrial and commercial applications.

The current era of digital transformation has impacted each aspect of governance, including the judicial system of India. In addition to this the COVID-19 pandemic has catalysed digital transformation in India's complete judicial system, this has also impacted one of the alternative dispute redressal mechanisms, known as ‘Lok Adalats’. Introduction of virtual hearings, e- filing, and online dispute resolution can be seen as a boon to combat chronic judicial delays amid court suspensions. This theoretical study investigates e-Lok Adalats as socio-technical systems that promise efficiency improvements but are threatened by rural India's digital divide and illiteracy barriers. Infrastructure shortcomings—limited broadband penetration, device scarcity—and skill gaps appear as procedural exclusions: missed e-notices, login problems, intermediary dependence, and impaired hearing participation, compounding caste, gender, and class disparities. Drawing on the theory of "Access to Justice," the paper argues that while E- Lok Adalats successfully address backlog efficiency. It aims examine normative arguments, various forms of barriers, theoretical integration, solution designs, and legitimacy conditions. The study proposes a comprehensive framework for "Assisted ODR" (Online Dispute Resolution), advocating for hybrid engagement models, the integration of Common Service Centers (CSCs) as justice hubs, and the deployment of multilingual, low bandwidth The report recommends multilayered changes based on doctrinal examination of legal texts, policy evaluations, and conceptual synthesis, including last-mile connectivity, hybrid models, digital justice facilitators, and user-centric interfaces. The findings show that e-Lok Adalats have constitutional impact only when reframed as inclusion projects that include capacity building and ensure timely justice as a rural entitlement. Finally, it suggests that the legitimacy of digital justice is contingent on closing the gap between technological competence and social accessibility.

3D printing is a new technology that can make customized medicines for each person.Instead of giving everyone the same tablet or dose, doctors can use 3D printing to design drugs that match a person’s genes, body needs, and disease type.It works by building medicines layer by layer using computer designs.Different 3D printing methods like Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Inkjet printing, and others are used.In healthcare, 3D printing can:Make personalized tablets (polypills) combining many drugs in one pill.Create patient-specific implants, prosthetics, and surgical models. Help in cancer treatment by making accurate models for surgery or radiation.It has advantages like accuracy, customization, and fewer side effects,but also challenges such as high cost,regulation issues, and production setup problems.Overall, 3D printing is changing how medicines are made and given, moving healthcare towards personalized treatment for every patient.

This study investigates the impact of gender development on labour productivity in Nigeria. Investigating the effect of gender development on productivity is vital for formulating policies that foster sustainable economic growth, social equity, and long-term prosperity. Data for this analysis were collected from both the UNDP HDR report (2025) and the World Bank’s world development indicators database (2025). The data are from the period of 2008 to 2024. Vector Autoregression (VAR) variance decomposition analysis is used to analyze the data collected. The findings reveals that the impact of gender development on productivity is not linear but varies over time, hence it exhibited sharp fluctuations over the study period. initially exerts a positive influence on labor productivity, indicating early benefits of gender equality initiatives. The study further reveals that improvements in gender development in Nigeria may lead to increase in productivity during certain periods. The fluctuations may reflect external obstacles such as cultural factors or economic shocks that temporarily hinder the positive effect. This is true given the level of uncertainty including intermitted insecurity security issues. These findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of gender-related policies and their effects on productivity and economic performance. The results also highlight the importance of nuanced policy design to sustain long-term productivity growth in the context of gender development. It is recommended that Nigeria policy makers should implement policies that stabilize or promote healthy gender development growth, as fluctuations could have unpredictable effects on national productivity.

Incorporation of literature-based instruction (LBI) into second language (L2) instruction has become an increasingly popular option to both form-based and examination-based teaching methods, especially in the situations, when students lack oral communication and higher-order thinking skills. South Asian countries most of the learners are showing little proficiency in speaking English, as well as critical thinking skills, despite the long periods of exposure to English. This review of literature explores how much literature-based instruction can be used to improve speaking performance and critical thinking skills in South Asian L2 learners and which major themes can be identified based on the available empirical studies that have evaluated the importance of using this instructional method. The study is informed by two aims, which are synthesizing research evidence on the effect of LBI on these language outcomes and investigating the pedagogical conditions in which literature promotes or limits learning. Inductive systematic review design was used which was qualitative. Major academic databases were searched using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to retrieve peer-reviewed empirical studies that were published between 2015 and 2025. Thematic analysis was used to analyze eligible and selected studies to identify common patterns and explanatory knowledge. The results show that literature-based teaching has a positive impact on speaking as it provides communicative interaction based on the discussion, role-play, and interpretive tasks. It also facilitates the growth of critical thinking by fostering the analysis, critical evaluation and reflective interpretation of texts. It was found that there are four prevailing themes, namely: (1) enhancement of speaking through communicative interaction, (2) development of critical thinking through interpretive and dialogic practices, (3) motivational and affective mediation of learning outcomes, and (4) pedagogical and contextual conditions shaping effectiveness. The review concludes that literature-based instruction could help tackle long-term issues in South Asian L2 teaching, such as poor oral skills and insufficient critical pedagogy when provided through interactive and learner-centred pedagogy. Such results highlight the educational importance of literature in the combination of linguistic and cognitive teaching tools in language learners.

The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (CPA 2019) marks a pivotal legislative milestone in India, fundamentally reshaping the landscape of consumer rights and market regulation. This article undertakes a doctrinal analysis of the transformative shift embodied in the CPA 2019, moving beyond the reactive, grievance-redressal paradigm of its predecessor, the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA 1986), towards a proactive, regulatory governance framework. The CPA 1986, while pioneering in its intent to democratize access to consumer justice through quasi-judicial forums, proved increasingly inadequate in addressing the complexities of a rapidly evolving marketplace characterized by economic liberalization, globalization, and the pervasive influence of digital commerce. The contemporary market environment, with its intricate supply chains, cross-border transactions, burgeoning e-commerce platforms, and sophisticated digital marketing strategies, exposed significant regulatory lacunae in the earlier statute. Issues such as product liability, unfair contracts, misleading advertisements, and the accountability of online marketplaces remained largely unaddressed, necessitating a comprehensive legislative overhaul. The CPA 2019, therefore, emerges as a strategic recalibration, designed to fortify consumer protection by emphasizing pre-emptive regulation, rigorous market surveillance, and robust enforcement mechanisms. This research critically examines whether this legislative transformation merely expands existing remedies or fundamentally alters the philosophical underpinnings of consumer governance in India. It delves into the newly established Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), its investigative and enforcement powers, the revamped product liability regime, the regulation of unfair contracts and misleading advertisements, and the specific provisions addressing e-commerce and digital consumer markets. Through a meticulous analysis of statutory provisions, delegated legislation, and emerging judicial interpretations, this article evaluates the effectiveness of the introduced regulatory architecture, assesses its implications for consumer access to justice, and identifies the doctrinal and implementation challenges inherent in this transformative shift. The study posits that the CPA 2019 represents a decisive jurisprudential evolution, institutionalizing preventive consumer protection and corporate accountability, though its ultimate success hinges on institutional capacity, enforcement will, and regulatory coordination.

This study examines the structural transformation of the 18:00–22:00 viewing window in India, historically the dominant period for linear broadcast consumption. Utilizing time-series regression and structural break tests covering 2020–2026, the research identifies the impact of Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) expansion and Connected TV (CTV) penetration on traditional Gross Rating Points (GRPs). A panel regression analysis across Urban and Rural markets reveals that while rural markets remain resilient, urban Prime Time General Entertainment Channels (GECs) face significant inflationary pressure on Cost Per Rating Point (CPRP). The study introduces a conceptual model of "Temporal Cannibalization" to explain the reallocation of Advertising Expenditure (AdEx) in a converged media ecosystem.

Road traffic accidents lead to a significant loss of lives, injuries, and money every year; thus road safety is one of the topmost?global social as well as governmental concerns. Road networks have reached the breaking point in light of?an increased urbanization, car ownership and transportation. This phenomenon is not being addressed at an equal rate in many developed and underdeveloped parts of the world, resulting in worse road conditions that can harm?commuters. Public support is included in a community-driven engagement process to further refine prioritisation, and a dynamic priority score is calculated by integrating report recency, community comment, and expected severity. Authorities can make quicker, data-driven choices, allocate resources more efficiently, and proactively enhance road safety outcomes thanks to the system's rated list of road safety issues.

Background: Alcohol and drug use disorders affect not only individuals but also those who care for them, including family members and professional caregivers in de addiction centres. [1–4] Despite extensive research on caregiver burden, the positive aspects of caregiving such as satisfaction, fulfilment, and purpose remain under explored in addiction settings. Aim: To synthesise evidence on burden and positive meaning in caregiving among family caregivers of people with alcohol or drug addiction and professional caregivers in de addiction centres. Methods: This narrative review draws on empirical studies of caregiver burden, resilience, and positive aspects of caregiving in substance use disorders, with additional reference to qualitative work in de addiction centres and Indian studies on caregiver burden and resilience. [1–4,6–9] Results: Family caregivers experience high levels of objective and subjective burden across financial, emotional, social, and health domains, and often show low resilience, especially when the patient has severe or chronic dependence. [2,4,7–9] Professional caregivers in de addiction centres describe heavy workloads, emotional exhaustion, and limited institutional support. At the same time, a subset of both family and professional caregivers report satisfaction, a sense of fulfilment, and purpose, particularly when patients improve or maintain abstinence. Positive aspects of caregiving correlate with better caregiver quality of life and lower burden and may be higher when the patient is abstinent. Conclusion: Caregiving in addiction is characterised by a complex coexistence of high burden and positive meaning. Routine assessment of caregiver burden, active enhancement of positive caregiving experiences, and structured support for both family and professional caregivers are essential components of comprehensive addiction care. [1–3,5–9]

The isolation and identification of bacteria are fundamental processes in microbiology, essential for understanding microbial behavior, assessing microbial diversity and determining the source of infections. This review outlines conventional and molecular approaches used to isolate bacterial species from clinical and environmental samples to obtain pure cultures. Streak plating remains a primary technique for separating individual bacterial cells on agar surfaces, allowing the development of discrete colonies. These isolates are subsequently characterized using morphological, staining and biochemical methods. Morphological characterization includes assessment of colony size, shape, texture, color, elevation and margin characteristics. Microscopic examination using staining techniques such as Gram staining and acid-fast staining further differentiates bacteria based on cell wall composition and structural features. Gram staining enables classification into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups according to differences in cell wall architecture. Biochemical assays including citrate utilization, urease activity, methyl red–Voges Proskauer (MR–VP), catalase, oxidase and indole tests provide insights into metabolic pathways, enzymatic activity and fermentation capabilities, facilitating accurate species-level identification. In addition, molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, particularly targeting the 16S rRNA gene, enhance precision and sensitivity, especially for slow-growing, fastidious, or unculturable organisms. The integration of conventional and molecular methods provides a comprehensive framework for accurate bacterial identification, supporting clinical diagnostics, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, environmental studies and microbial research. This review highlights the complementary nature of phenotypic and genotypic methods in ensuring accurate bacterial identification in modern microbiology.

Human Resource Management (HRM) operates as a structured method which handles employee management inside organizations to build and maintain a qualified staff force which supports business target achievement. The educational sector depends on HRM to achieve two essential goals which include employee acquisition and retention of qualified educators and the creation of teaching and learning conditions that support success. The educational value of HRM becomes evident because it creates a link between teacher performance and student achievement results. The implementation of effective HRM practices leads to a sustainable educational workforce which provides student needs through diverse support to achieve better educational outcomes. The three main HRM themes of recruitment and training and employee retention play a crucial role in educational organizations. The process of recruitment forms the base which enables organizations to establish an exceptional teaching workforce. The purpose of recruitment strategies at educational institutions is to find candidates who bring diverse backgrounds and who have the necessary qualifications and skills for achieving academic success. The process holds its utmost importance because studies show teacher quality stands as the most significant factor which affects student academic results (Darling-Hammond, 2000). The process of targeted recruitment needs to become the main focus because it enables schools to find effective educators who will create positive learning outcomes for their students.

Full cooperation between planning for human resources (HRP) and educational planning can transform organizations and societies. Investment in human capital through human resource systems and education helps firms respond to challenges from shifts in the global economy and the emergence of technology-driven changes. To characterize those links, this analysis adopts the separate yet complementary lenses of strategic human resource management and workforce planning on the one hand, and education systems planning on the other. The approach is demand-led rather than supply-oriented and seeks to compare the features and contributions of each type of planning. That perspective guides investigation of the intersections between HRP and educational planning; the cascading impacts of those intersections at organizational and societal levels; variations in planning relations across different settings; and implications for policy and governance. (Munyeka, 2014)

This Paper Presents an instrument, design using scientific methods, to measure and understand the Motivational Assessment and Subjective Wellbeing of teachers in relation to their work and to variable from life experience. Motivation is an internal process that makes a person move toward a goal. Motivational Assessment generally assumed that motivation influences people's attitude and performance at work. Teacher motivation is directly linked to the instructors' desire to take part in the pedagogical process and interest in sharing their knowledge with the students. Therefore, Gender of teachers said that, female teachers possessed significantly more subjective wellbeing (mean=30.20, sd=1.746) than male teachers (mean=29.39, sd=2.306). Teachers at 31-40 years age teachers possessed significantly higher level of subjective wellbeing (mean=29.92, sd=1.935) than teachers at 51-60 years age (mean=29.86, sd=2.080), 41-50 years age (mean=29.42, sd=2.371) and 20-30 years age (mean=29.08, sd=2.597). Therefore, it can be said that locality of school do not significantly affects teacher’s subjective wellbeing. Teachers at 16-20 years experience (mean=30.14, sd=2.031) than 6-10 years experience (mean=30.01, sd=1.837) than 1-5 years experience (mean=29.53, sd=2.049) than 11-15 years experience (mean=29.40, sd=2.397) and more than 20 years (mean=28.00, sd=2.828). Therefore, it can be said that higher motivation of teachers results in higher Teaching Efficacy. Therefore, it can be said that higher motivation of teachers results in higher subjective wellbeing.

Urban wetlands are delicate ecological units that are getting damaged by fast urbanisation, encroachment, and poor governance. The Pallikaranai Marshland in Chennai, which is one of the largest wetlands in South India, has gained global attention as a study area in regard to the interplay of law, policy, and ecological restoration. The present paper is called Legality of the Pallikaranai Model: A Time-Series Experiment of the Encroachment Removal and the Wetland Restoration in Urban Chennai, and it is an evaluation of the efficacy of constitutional and legislative practices in facilitating the management of wetlands. The paper presents Pallikaranai in the ecological and urban setting, which identifies the importance of biodiversity and stresses the waste dumping and development pressures. It then looks at the legal fabric of protection of wetlands, constitutional requirements, statutory requirements of the Environment Protection Act, Wetlands Rules and judicial intervention by the Madras High Court and the NGT. Pallikaranai Model is examined as an administrative action, judicial oversight and civic participation which targets eviction drives, boundary demarcation, afforestation and eco-restoration programs. The paper follows the chronology of encroachment removal and restoration with the help of the time-series methodology and ecological indicators, biodiversity records, and GIS-based land-use analysis. Results show limited effectiveness; judicial surveillance and legislative adherence facilitated considerable restoration achievements, but enforcement loopholes, bureaucratic inertia, and socio-economic displacement restricted replicability. The comparison of Indian wetlands, international Ramsar sites, highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the approach followed by Pallikaranai. This paper suggests that it is successful because of the synergy of law, litigation, and civic activism, and institutional fragmentation, and climate vulnerability are both challenges. Finally, the paper indicates the importance of integrated urban ecological governance, increased statutory enforcement, and technological surveillance. The Pallikaranai experience would teach a lot to metropolitan India and make wetlands a key ecological infrastructure rather than a land bank.

Humans are complicated, non-linear matrixes and share vivaciously while making decision. On the other hand, are (all) human beings cogent? Is there an element of rationality or backed up by logic - while making decisions? Are all calculations based on some evidence, facts, figures, statistics, calibrations, models or mathematical computing? Are such estimates based on a viaduct, linking computational, mathematical, numerical, geometric, calculus and biological sciences? In such a scenario, is there scope for modeling and simulation to play a significant role? Is there a duct for computational analysis? This paper declares rejection. Neo-classical archetype of circumscribed rationality is gnarled and can induce human eyes that it is somewhere it in actuality isn’t. Neuro - management assumes that decision-making involve rational optimization of predictable utility. This is assumed as if humans were operational with limitless information, time and information-processing control. How can we learn and use models of biological systems constructed from experimental measurements? Challenging contemporary assumptions or theories (based on type of experimental data), this is the biggest challenge and issue that needs a clinical precision based anatomical peep.

Antigone is a play that tells the story of using life-threatening ceremony used to honor the dead as a corpse and physically confront King Creon. In Antigone, Sophocles designed and exposed his audiences in a strategic way to the knowledge necessary to discern the protagonist's choice of ethics and cultural norms. Aristotle was a wise observer of human nature as an individual character. The words of actors in theatre acts reveal the reality of human nature, emphasizing the broad scope of mental, moral, and emotional habits within an ethical context. A believing educator will accurately guide students to comprehend Aristotle's beliefs, particularly if the educator invokes ethical and intellectual exercises. However, critical thinking, decision making, and group cohesion, is under scrutiny to secretly preserve and then reveal the sordid blueprint behind an untrue facade. We must acknowledge and resolve the personal, familial, and community conflicts initiated by our human interactions if we want to address the partially malign passion of both personal and non-public citizens, spouses, and leaders. This paper illustrates Antigone through insights derived from Aristotle's observation of emotional appeal.

Child abuse is a major issue which causes multiple problems to children. The dimensions of the problem could range from physical deformities to psychological trauma. It’s effects not only affect body, but predominantly affects mind. Due to the past horrible experiences which children have encountered, will lead to the development of several psychological issues in them such as anxiety, depression, phobias, and even it may lead to other major or minor psychiatric disorders. Social work discipline plays a major role here. The therapeutic interventions given by social work professionals plays significant role here. Predominantly Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies have gained much prominence among various therapies for their effectiveness. One such major therapeutic intervention is REBT ( Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy) which is, well known for its effectiveness in changing irrational beliefs to rational ones. The study aims to review the existing papers on REBT as an effective therapeutic intervention in case of children who are affected with abuse. The study adopts a narrative review design which includes the secondary data sources such as journals, research papers, books, newspapers and reports. The findings from the data has highlighted the relevance of REBT in addressing the psychological trauma of the children who are the victims of child abuse through challenging distorted cognitions, irrational beliefs and develop a healthier coping mechanisms. The review also found that there are only limited studies available in Indian context, indicating an important research gap which could be used for further researches.

Corporate governance alludes to the frameworks standards and forms by which companies are coordinated and controlled. It incorporates the structures and connections between a company’s administration board of executives, shareholders and other partners. Corporate governance guarantees that the company works in a straightforward and responsible way adjusting the interface of all partners, and in particular shareholders, workers, clients and the society in general. Morals within the setting of corporate governance allude to the moral standards that direct the conduct and decision making of people and associations. Especially, moral conduct in commerce incorporates adherence to acknowledged guidelines of decency, trustworthiness and duty, and it involves doing what is right indeed when it may not be lawfully or fiscally useful, meaning theta corporate morals not as it guarantees compliance with legitimate and administrative prerequisites but as it advances values such as keenness responsibility and regard for the rights of partners (Broni & Velentzas, 2012; Jahanzeb et al., 2016).

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) envelops the thought that organizations, past their conventional part of maximizing the benefits for shareholders, have an ethical commitment to consider the social, natural and financial impacts that their activities have on society. CSR in specific centers on the ways that a company's actions influence different components, counting the workers, the buyers, the communities and the environment as well, and CSR activities include companies taking all the proactive measures to create a positive commitment to society, to diminish natural pollution, to advance reasonable exchange, to supply for charity, to guarantee differences and incorporation, to improve workers' rights. Besides, by receiving CSR practices, businesses tend to illustrate a commitment to moral conduct, building belief with the public and progressing their notoriety (Broni & Velentzas, 2010).

Tourette syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent motor and vocal tics. It explains symptom patterns, classification into simple and complex tics, typical onset in childhood, and developmental course into adolescence and adulthood. The review summarizes genetic, neurological, and environmental influences, along with common comorbidities such as ADHD, OCD, anxiety, and psychosocial complications. Diagnostic criteria and assessment tools are outlined to support accurate identification and monitoring. Finally, the article discusses individualized homeopathic approaches, linking specific remedies to characteristic tic presentations, emphasizing holistic evaluation and long-term management strategies for improving patient functioning and quality.

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) in India is under-recognized due to cultural beliefs, lack of awareness, and stigma. This article discusses the symptoms, causes, and impact of SAD, emphasizing the cultural and social context in India. Despite challenges, treatment options like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), medication, and homeopathic remedies offer effective management. Increased awareness, support from family and peers, and improved access to mental health services are essential for addressing SAD. Homeopathy's holistic approach also presents promising solutions for alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life for individuals with SAD in India.

Plants form the foundation of Earth’s ecosystems and play a vital role in sustaining life and ensuring environmental stability. They provide a wide range of ecosystem services that are commonly classified into provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. Provisioning services supply essential resources such as food, medicinal products, fibers, and fuel, which support human livelihoods and economic growth. Regulating services contribute to maintaining environmental balance by improving air quality, regulating climate, and supporting the water cycle. Supporting services, including soil formation, pollination, and the maintenance of biodiversity, are crucial for the functioning and resilience of ecosystems. In addition, cultural services enhance human well-being by offering aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, and educational values. This paper underscores the indispensable role of plants in sustaining ecological balance and human welfare and highlights the importance of conserving plant resources and promoting their sustainable use.

Forests are critical reservoirs of plant diversity and provide a wide array of ecosystem services essential for environmental stability and human well-being. However, deforestation—driven by agriculture, urbanization, and logging—poses a major threat to these ecological functions. This study investigates the effects of deforestation on plant diversity and the associated ecosystem services in Effects of Deforestation on Plant Diversity and Ecosystem Services. Plant species richness, abundance, and community composition were compared between undisturbed forest patches and deforested areas using quadrat sampling and diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner and Simpson). Key ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, soil fertility, water regulation, and pollination, were assessed through biomass measurements, soil analysis, infiltration tests, and pollinator observations. The results indicate a significant decline in native plant species and overall biodiversity in deforested areas, accompanied by reduced carbon storage, soil quality, water retention, and pollinator activity. Pioneer and invasive species dominated cleared lands, further disrupting ecological balance. These findings demonstrate that deforestation not only diminishes biodiversity but also undermines essential ecosystem services, emphasizing the urgent need for conservation, reforestation, and sustainable land management strategies. Protecting plant diversity is vital for maintaining ecosystem resilience and ensuring the continued provision of services crucial to human and environmental well-being.

In the rapidly advancing landscape of financial technology, swiping machines have become a pivotal component of modern commerce. Commonly known as point?of?sale (POS) terminals, these devices facilitate the electronic processing of payments, allowing businesses and consumers to engage in seamless transactions. The integration of swiping machines has transformed retail, hospitality, and service industries worldwide, providing enhanced security, efficiency, and convenience. This research paper examines the evolution, technological underpinnings, socioeconomic impact, and future trajectory of swiping machines, contextualizing their role within the broader framework of digital payment systems. Through a critical analysis of current literature and empirical data, the paper aims to elucidatethemultifacetedimplicationsofswipingmachinesforbusinesses and consumers alike.

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has shifted Human Resource Management from a reactive administrative function to a proactive, data-driven strategic partner. This paper explores the impact of AI across the employee lifecycle—specifically in recruitment, performance management, and employee engagement. While AI offers unprecedented efficiency and predictive capabilities, it introduces significant ethical challenges regarding algorithmic bias and data privacy. The paper concludes that a "human-in-the-loop" model is essential for sustainable HR digital transformation.

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources available today. However, the efficiency of conventional fixed solar panels is limited because they cannot continuously face the sun as its position changes throughout the day. To overcome this limitation, this paper presents the design and development of an automatic solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. The system uses Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to detect the direction of maximum sunlight intensity. Based on the sensor input, the Arduino controls servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maintain optimal alignment with the sun. This improves the overall energy conversion efficiency of the solar panel. The system operates automatically without human intervention and is built using low-cost and easily available components. The proposed system demonstrates a significant improvement in energy capture compared to fixed solar panels and provides an effective solution for improving solar energy utilization.

Reliable operation of wind turbines is essential for ensuring stable renewable energy production. However, mechanical and electrical faults in Permanent Magnet induction generators (PMIGs) can significantly reduce efficiency and increase maintenance costs. This work presents a real-time AI-based condition monitoring framework for fault detection in wind turbine drive-train systems. Multi-sensor data including vibration, stator current, voltage, and temperature signals are collected and processed using an IoT-enabled data acquisition system. A hybrid Convolutional Neural Network–Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) architecture is developed to automatically extract spatial and temporal fault features. Simulation-generated and experimentally validated datasets are used for supervised learning. The proposed system achieves 99.2% classification accuracy with reduced false alarm rate compared to conventional SCADA and classical machine learning methods. The framework demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating AI with IoT for predictive maintenance in wind power stations.

Language plays a central role in human communication and cognitive development. In multilingual societies, learners often acquire English as a second or foreign language while maintaining proficiency in their mother tongue. The influence of the mother tongue on English language acquisition has long been debated among linguists and educators. Some scholars argue that the mother tongue interferes with second language learning, while others believe it facilitates comprehension and cognitive development. This study examines the role of the mother tongue in acquiring English, focusing on its positive and negative influences, pedagogical implications, and practical classroom realities. The research synthesizes existing literature and provides conceptual analysis relevant to multilingual contexts such as India. Findings indicate that while mother tongue interference may occur in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, strategic and guided use of the mother tongue enhances comprehension, confidence, and academic performance. The study concludes that balanced bilingual approaches are more effective than rigid monolingual methods.

The present survey-based study examines the socio-economic and occupational conditions of informal sector workers in the Haldia Industrial Area of Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. Conducted in January 2026, the study draws upon primary data collected through a structured interview schedule administered to 50 male and female workers aged 18–60 years residing in both rural and urban areas. The findings reveal that informal employment is predominantly concentrated among young adults (54% aged 18–35 years) and males (84%). A majority of workers belong to the General (60%) and Scheduled Caste (30%) categories, reflecting persistent social stratification in labor participation. Despite relatively high educational attainment—98% possessing formal schooling—most respondents remain engaged in contract (38%), casual (22%), or daily wage work (18%), indicating a significant education–employment mismatch. While 30% reported vocational training, 70% lacked formal skill certification. Income distribution shows that 78% earn below ?15,000 per month, with 72% reporting no savings, underscoring financial precarity. Although access to electricity and sanitation is universal, safe drinking water facilities remain limited. Most workers (56%) have more than five years of work experience, and 94% report regular monthly income; however, household expenditures closely match earnings, limiting upward mobility. The study highlights structural vulnerabilities, including limited social security, low asset accumulation, and modest health protection coverage.

Tulsi (Ocimum species) is one of the most revered medicinal plants described in Ayurvedic literature and is widely acknowledged for its therapeutic, preventive, and spiritual importance¹. Classical Ayurvedic Samhitas and Nighantus describe Tulsi under various synonyms such as Surasa, Sulabha, and Shoolaghni, indicating its aromatic nature, easy availability, and analgesic action². Unlike many medicinal plants that are described as single entities, Tulsi is classified into multiple types in classical texts based on colour, habitat, morphological characteristics, and pharmacological potency³. The principal types described include Shyama (Krishna) Tulsi, Shweta (Rama) Tulsi, and Vana Tulsi. Each variety of Tulsi exhibits specific Rasa, Guna, Virya, and Vipaka, resulting in variation in therapeutic indications and clinical utility?. Tulsi is extensively indicated in disorders of the respiratory system, fever (Jwara), digestive impairment (Agnimandya), skin diseases (Kushtha), metabolic disorders, and conditions arising from Kapha and Vata imbalance?. In addition to its curative role, Tulsi is also described as a preventive and Rasayana-like herb that enhances immunity, vitality, and resistance to disease?.

Ayurveda is a holistic medical science that emphasizes preservation of health and prevention of disease through maintenance of equilibrium among Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, and Agni. Among its foundational doctrines, Samanya–Vishesh Siddhanta plays a crucial role in understanding pathogenesis and therapeutic principles. The concept is based on the universal law that similarity (Samanya) causes augmentation, whereas dissimilarity (Vishesh) results in diminution. This principle governs physiological and pathological changes occurring within the body. By selecting appropriate Dravya (substance), Guna (qualities), and Karma (actions), clinicians can either enhance or reduce biological entities. The present article elaborates the theoretical framework, classifications, clinical applications, and preventive significance of Samanya–Vishesh Siddhanta in light of classical Ayurvedic literature.

It is becoming increasingly necessary in contemporary organizational management, particularly in the field of human resource management (HRM), to take into consideration the notion of sustainable development. When it comes to human resource management (HRM), anything that is sustainable lays a focus on maintaining a balance between the effectiveness of the organization, the well-being of its employees, social accountability, and ecological sustainability. Within the scope of this review paper, the idea of sustainable human resource management is studied. The theoretical foundations of the notion, its significance, key practices, problems, and prospective developments are some of the topics that are discussed in this course. This article lays a significant amount of emphasis on the strategic role that human resources departments play in maintaining the long-term sustainability of the workforce through the implementation of programs that promote ethical management, employee development, and environmentally sustainable workplace activities. There is a universal agreement that sustainable human resource management is a crucial component of organizational resilience and long-term performance. This concept has gained global acceptance.

Agricultural supply chains play a fundamental role in economic sustainability and global food distribution. However, conventional agricultural trading systems are frequently constrained by structural inefficiencies, including limited direct communication between farmers and buyers, lack of market transparency, dependence on intermediaries, and delays in information exchange. These limitations reduce operational efficiency, diminish farmers’ profitability, and increase procurement complexity for traders.

This research examines the socio-economic and demographic factors affecting the growth of small-scale rice farming businesses in Wovwe, Karonga District, Malawi. Despite the significance of rice farming to the local economy, a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between these factors remains limited. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study surveys 50 small-scale rice farmers and conducts interviews to gather qualitative insights. The findings aim to inform policymakers and stakeholders about the challenges and opportunities in the agricultural sector, ultimately contributing to sustainable agricultural development and enhanced livelihoods for local farmers.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide. Traditional experimental methods for understanding pathogenesis and identifying therapeutics are resource intensive and slow. In silico methods — including molecular docking and dynamics, machine learning (ML), genome-wide computational analysis, and network pharmacology — are rapidly evolving to address these challenges. This review synthesizes the most recent advancements in in silico PD research from 2024 and 2025, highlighting novel computational approaches for biomarker discovery, mechanistic modeling, and drug candidate prioritization. Key emerging themes include integrative ML frameworks applied to single-cell transcriptomics, network analysis of genetic variants, and computational evaluation of natural and synthetic modulators of disease pathways. Challenges and promising future directions are discussed.

Roadside bombs, coordinated blast attacks, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) pose a constant and changing threat to military ground convoys operating in hostile and asymmetric warfare environments. Convoy protection strategies are still mostly reactive, with little capacity for early threat anticipation and proactive risk mitigation, despite advancements in blast mitigation technologies and armored vehicle design. A paradigm shift toward predictive and intelligent threat detection frameworks is required due to the growing sophistication of adversarial tactics, operational limitations, and environmental complexity. With an emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI), multi-sensor fusion, and cyber-physical system (CPS) architectures, this article provides an extensive review of predictive bomb blast threat detection systems for military convoy safety. The evolution of single-sensor-based detection methods, developments in multi-sensor fusion techniques, and the function of deep learning and machine learning in automated threat analysis are all methodically examined in this review. Predictive blast risk assessment models that combine heterogeneous sensor data with convoy dynamics—such as vehicle speed, formation, spacing, route topology, and terrain characteristics are given special attention.Critical analysis is done on explainability requirements, false alarm mitigation, real time constraints, and operational performance metrics. Important research gaps concerning scalability, robustness, adversarial resilience, and similarly system/level integration is also identified in the paper through the review provided in the paper. There is a detailed discussion on emerging trends in the form of new areas of research in digital twin-based validation, explanation of AI methods, unmanned system integration studies, reinforcement learning methods. Researchers in the arena of designing next generation proactive and intelligent convoy systems will find this paper a Reference.

In the 1980s, groundbreaking experiments with superconducting circuits, particularly Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs), demonstrated that quantum effects extend beyond the atomic scale to macroscopic systems. These studies initiated the field of macroscopic quantum mechanics. Researchers such as Anthony Leggett and John Clarke observed phenomena such as quantum tunneling and superposition in Josephson junctions, illustrating that quantum mechanics applies to larger systems provided they are isolated from environmental disturbances. These discoveries led to the development of superconducting qubits for modern quantum computers and advanced the understanding of quantum decoherence, which explains how quantum systems lose their properties due to environmental factors. This work bridged the gap between the quantum and classical worlds, forming the foundation of contemporary quantum science and technology.

The legal services sector is currently undergoing a transformative paradigm shift as digital transformation moves from administrative record-keeping to proactive service delivery. Despite the proliferation of LegalTech, a persistent ’Access to Justice’ (A2J) gap remains due to the systemic fragmentation of legal stakeholders. This survey paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the technological building blocks required for an integrated digital legal ecosystem. We examine automated Ser- vice Level Agreement (SLA) negotiation frameworks, telematics- driven insurance (Insurematic), specialized legal information retrieval systems (Cytocol), and the burgeoning regulatory chal- lenges of Information Technology (IT) crimes in social insurance. By synthesizing these diverse domains, the paper identifies a critical implementation gap: the lack of a human-in-the- loop facilitator model that bridges users, lawyers, NGOs, and government authorities. This study serves as the foundational survey for the LawBridge project, delineating a path toward a centralized, role-based portal that democratizes access to justice through resource-aware engineering.

The Sundarbans, the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest located at the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta, is a globally significant ecosystem characterized by unique floral diversity and extraordinary plant adaptations. Despite relatively low species richness compared to tropical rainforests, the mangrove flora of the Sundarbans demonstrates remarkable ecological resilience in response to harsh abiotic conditions such as high salinity, tidal inundation, anoxic soils, and dynamic sedimentation. True mangrove species, including Heritiera fomes, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia apetala, along with numerous associates, form a zoned vegetation mosaic dictated by salinity and geomorphological gradients. Mangrove plants exhibit specialized adaptation strategies that ensure their survival and ecological success. Structural features such as pneumatophores, prop roots, and buttress roots facilitate oxygen uptake and stability in waterlogged sediments. Physiological mechanisms, including salt exclusion at the root level, secretion via specialized leaf glands, and ion compartmentalization, enable species to tolerate saline stress. Reproductive adaptations, most notably vivipary and buoyant propagules, ensure dispersal and colonization under tidal regimes. At the molecular level, expression of salt transporter genes, osmolyte accumulation, and antioxidant activity confer tolerance to salinity and oxidative stress. These adaptations not only sustain individual species but also maintain critical ecosystem services, including shoreline protection, carbon sequestration, sediment stabilization, and nursery functions for aquatic biodiversity. However, floral diversity faces growing threats from sea-level rise, altered freshwater inflows, cyclones, and anthropogenic pressures. This article reviews the floral diversity of the Sundarbans, examines adaptation strategies of mangrove species, and highlights conservation priorities essential for maintaining ecological resilience and long-term sustainability of this globally significant mangrove ecosystem.

Anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, Separation Anxiety Disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias, are common mental health conditions that significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life. Homeopathy provides individualized treatment options, focusing on specific remedies that address various symptoms of anxiety. Additionally, psychological strategies such as Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), regular exercise, mindfulness practices, and robust support systems are essential for effective anxiety management. By understanding and combining these diverse therapeutic approaches, individuals can achieve better treatment outcomes and improved quality of life.

The integration of mathematics, chemistry, and physics has long driven scientific progress, particularly through mathematical modeling that bridges microscopic interactions to macroscopic behaviors. This review explores key interdisciplinary applications, focusing on differential equations in quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics for phase transitions, and computational fluid dynamics for reaction-diffusion systems. We examine how mathematical tools like partial differential equations (PDEs), symmetry groups, and stochastic processes elucidate chemical bonding, thermodynamic properties, and physical wave phenomena. Recent advances, such as quantum field theory models and nonlinear dynamics in nanomaterials, highlight the synergy: mathematics provides rigorous frameworks, chemistry offers molecular insights, and physics ensures empirical validation. Challenges include computational complexity and scale separation, yet machine learning integrations promise enhanced predictive power. Drawing from over two decades of literature, this article synthesizes methodologies like finite element analysis and Monte Carlo simulations, discussing their role in sustainable energy applications and material design. By fostering collaboration among mathematicians, chemists, and physicists, these approaches not only resolve complex problems but also inspire novel paradigms in interdisciplinary research. This work underscores the need for unified curricula and open-access tools to democratize such modeling, ultimately advancing fields like renewable energy and nanotechnology.

Background: Sivani (?????/?????) described in Rachana Sharir refers to fibrous unions of bones, particularly in the cranial region. Classical Ayurvedic texts emphasize these as structural junctions and surgical landmarks. Aim: To critically review the concept of Sivani in Ayurvedic literature and correlate it with modern anatomical understanding of cranial sutures. Materials and Methods: A narrative review of classical Ayurvedic texts including Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya, along with standard modern anatomy textbooks and peer-reviewed articles. Results: Classical descriptions of seven cranial sivani correspond anatomically to major cranial sutures—coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous, and associated minor sutures. Both systems recognize their structural and clinical importance.
Conclusion: The Ayurvedic concept of Sivani demonstrates remarkable anatomical insight, correlating closely with modern cranial suture anatomy and retaining clinical relevance in surgical sciences.

With the evolution of electric vehicle (EV) technology, advanced control strategies like torque vectoring have become critical for enhancing stability, handling, and energy efficiency. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, EVs with distributed drive architectures enable individual wheel control, paving the way for sophisticated dynamic control techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive review of 19 recent studies focused on torque vectoring strategies in EVs. The methods are categorized based on control theory (e.g., model predictive control, H? control), vehicle architecture (e.g., in-wheel, front/rear drive), and implementation objectives (e.g., yaw control, energy efficiency, fault tolerance). We analyze the strengths, limitations, and future potential of each approach and propose directions for further research.

This study examines how a poster-based, multimodal ESL activity on migration promotes students’ sense of belonging and inclusion in a post-secondary ESL classroom. Conducted at an institution providing English as a Second Language (ESL) education to international students in Toronto, Canada, the study involved 20 multilingual learners who are originally from Asia and South America. Against the backdrop of the global migration crisis, students engaged in guided discussions on migration and were subsequently invited to create posters representing their understandings, experiences, and reflections on the topic. Positioned within the scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) framework, the classroom-based inquiry adopts a qualitative approach, using student-created posters as primary data sources. The posters were analyzed to investigate how students visually and textually expressed themes of migration, identity, borders, displacement, and belonging. The use of multimodal pedagogy allowed students to participate meaningfully regardless of different linguistic proficiencies, thereby supporting equitable engagement and valuing diverse forms of knowledge- making. Findings suggest that poster creation functioned as an inclusive pedagogical practice by centering student voice, validating lived experiences, and fostering a classroom environment where learners felt seen and included. The activity also enabled students to connect language learning with critical global issues, contributing to deeper engagement and reflective learning. This study demonstrates how teaching migration through multimodal, student-centered activities can promote belonging in ESL classrooms and offers practical insight for educators seeking to advance equity, diversity, and inclusion in post- secondary language education.

Citizen journalism is considered as the democratization of journalism. New media technologies such as social networking, media sharing websites, and the increasing proliferation of cellular phones have made journalism more accessible to people globally, making everyone who can share or post breaking news a ‘journalist’. In spite of all odds, the prospects of citizen journalism portend its benefits to democracy especially in nascent democracies like Nigeria. This paper aims at investigating the perception of media practitioners in Katsina State (Katsina Registered Journalists) on the impact of citizen journalism on democracy. Survey methodology was used for the study with questionnaire as instrument for data collection. Questionnaires were administered online to 97 journalists (sample of 130 registered journalists in Katsina) drawn from selected Media Organizations comprising Katsina State Radio; Katsina State Television (KTTV); Companion FM Katsina; Nigeria Television Authority Katsina (NTA); Vision FM Katsina; Alfijir FM Katsina; Legend FM Daura; Martaba FM, Funtua, and Ray power FM Katsina. Among the numerous findings of the paper revealed that citizen journalism has increased the level of participation in Nigeria’s democracy providing citizens with several platforms to lend their voices and hold leaders accountable. Also, the paper found out that citizen journalism has widen the democratic scope in Nigeria as it provides window for citizens to interface directly with their leaders directly. However, the study found out that citizen journalism has negative implications for the nation’s democracy as it aids the spread of hate comments, fake news and lies at the detriment of national transformation.

The Smart Automated Medicine Dispensing System is an IoT-based solution designed to enhance accuracy and efficiency in medicine distribution. It uses a Raspberry Pi, IR sensors, servo motors, and a camera module to automate the dispensing process. The system detects the user, verifies identity through image recognition, retrieves prescription data, and dispenses the correct medicine automatically while updating stock in real time. This reduces human error, improves inventory management, and enhances patient safety. The proposed system offers a cost-effective, scalable, and reliable approach for hospitals and care centers, supporting remote monitoring and smart healthcare automation.

The rapid transformation of digital commerce in India has given rise to Quick-Commerce (Q-Commerce), a business model emphasizing ultra-fast delivery of goods and services. This shift reflects changing consumer expectations, where speed, convenience, and instant gratification play a critical role in purchase decisions. Coimbatore city, a prominent Tier-2 urban centre with a strong industrial base and a rapidly growing IT and educational ecosystem, provides an ideal setting to examine consumer preference towards quick-commerce applications, particularly online food delivery platforms. The present study analyses consumer preference using primary data collected from 120 respondents. The research focuses on demographic characteristics, frequency of usage, factors influencing preference, digital payment adoption, challenges faced by consumers, and overall satisfaction levels. Data were analysed using percentage analysis and detailed interpretation supported by tables. The findings reveal that speed of delivery, convenience, and ease of digital payment are the most significant drivers of preference, while traffic congestion, environmental sustainability, and delivery partner welfare remain major concerns. The study provides practical suggestions for platforms and policymakers to enhance service quality and ensure sustainable growth of quick-commerce services in urban markets.

Question: Is reduced cardiorespiratory endurance associated with greater functional disability in individuals with chronic low back pain?
Design: Observational descriptive study.
Participants: Sixty individuals aged 35–60 years with chronic low back pain of more than 12 weeks duration, recruited from a tertiary care hospital.
Outcome measures: Cardiorespiratory endurance was assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) to estimate VO?max. Functional disability was measured using the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Results: Most participants had decreased cardiorespiratory endurance, with 60% of participants having VO2max values of less than 25 ml/kg/min. The degree of functional disability was mostly moderate (62%). There was an inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and functional disability. Participants with lower 6MWT performance and lower estimated VO2max scores had higher RMDQ scores.
Conclusion: Reduced cardiorespiratory endurance is associated with increased functional disability in individuals with chronic low back pain. Incorporation of aerobic conditioning into physiotherapy rehabilitation programs may improve functional outcomes and reduce disability in this population.

Food is the fundamental requirement for the sustenance of life and acts as the primary source of energy for all physiological and metabolic activities. Ayurveda considers Ahara as Mahabhaishajya, meaning the greatest medicine, as it directly influences health, disease, strength, immunity, and longevity.¹ Proper intake of food maintains the normal functioning of Agni, ensures nourishment of bodily tissues (Dhatu Poshana), and preserves Ojas, which is responsible for vitality and resistance against disease.¹

Mutravaha Srotas is one of the important Srotas described in Ayurveda responsible for the formation, transportation, and excretion of Mutra (urine). The classical Ayurvedic texts provide detailed descriptions of its Moola (root), functional anatomy, and pathological manifestations. Understanding Mutravaha Srotas from both classical and modern anatomical perspectives enhances clinical applicability in urinary disorders. This article reviews the anatomical concept of Mutravaha Srotas using the IMRAD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion), incorporating relevant Sanskrit shlokas and correlating them with contemporary urinary system anatomy. The review establishes that Mutravaha Srotas corresponds functionally and structurally to the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, along with regulatory neurovascular components.

Vrikka is described in Ayurvedic literature as an important organ associated with Mutravaha Srotas and regulation of body fluids. Although classical texts do not provide an extensive gross anatomical description comparable to modern nephrology, scattered references in Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya establish Vrikka as a vital organ related to Mutra formation and fluid metabolism. This review aims to analyze the concept of Vrikka Sharir from classical Ayurvedic sources and correlate it with modern anatomical understanding of the kidneys. Using an IMRAD format, the study integrates textual analysis with contemporary anatomical literature to establish structural and functional parallels.

Alveolar bone resorption following tooth extraction presents a major challenge in implant-supported prosthodontic rehabilitation. Ridge preservation and augmentation procedures are often required to establish adequate bone volume for implant placement and long-term prosthetic success. Traditional graft materials include autogenous bone, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic substitutes. However, limitations such as donor site morbidity, cost, risk of disease transmission, and variable resorption rates have prompted exploration of alternative biomaterials. The use of extracted teeth processed into autogenous graft material has emerged as a biologically rational and clinically promising strategy. Due to its compositional similarity to bone, dentin-derived graft material demonstrates osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and potentially osteogenic properties. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the biological rationale, processing methods, histological outcomes, clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and future directions of extracted tooth-derived bone graft materials in implant dentistry and prosthodontics.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, requiring prompt and effective anticoagulation therapy. Anticoagulants can be administered parenterally or orally, each route having specific advantages, limitations, and clinical indications. Parenteral anticoagulants such as unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), fondaparinux, argatroban, and bivalirudin play a critical role in the acute management of thrombotic disorders, particularly in hospitalized, critically ill patients, during pregnancy, and in conditions such as acute coronary syndrome and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). However, their use is often associated with patient discomfort due to intravenous or subcutaneous administration and complications such as bleeding, HIT, and osteoporosis. Orally administered anticoagulants, including vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, offer improved patient convenience and adherence. DOACs demonstrate predictable pharmacokinetics, fewer drug–food interactions, and reduced need for routine monitoring, making them preferable in many clinical settings. Bleeding remains the most significant complication across all anticoagulant classes, necessitating individualized management strategies based on bleeding severity, patient characteristics, and the pharmacological properties of the anticoagulant used. This review summarizes the indications, complications, and management principles of parenteral and oral anticoagulants in VTE, highlighting the importance of individualized therapy to optimize safety and therapeutic outcomes.

The Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector is essential for the growth and development of both emerging and developed economies. This study examines how the BFSI industry drives economic progress by increasing capital formation, encouraging financial inclusion, supporting entrepreneurship, and improving risk management. The sector serves as a foundation for economic stability by collecting savings, enabling investments, and ensuring the efficient distribution of financial resources across different industries. With the rapid adoption of digital technologies such as fintech, mobile banking, and online insurance, BFSI institutions have made financial services more accessible and transparent. Additionally, stronger regulatory frameworks and policy actions have boosted consumer confidence and the accountability of financial institutions. The research shows that the BFSI sector not only boosts GDP growth but also creates jobs and promotes innovation within the financial ecosystem. Overall, the study concludes that a strong and technology-driven BFSI sector is vital for long-term economic growth and financial stability.

Real-time vehicle health monitoring has emerged as a critical requirement for improving journey safety, preventive maintenance, and overall vehicle reliability. While earlier studies have primarily focused on system architecture and sensor integration, limited attention has been given to in-depth functional behavior, decision logic, and performance evaluation under real-world operating conditions. This paper presents a detailed functional performance analysis and intelligent decision modeling of a real-time IoT-based vehicle health monitoring system designed for conventional vehicles. The proposed system employs an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with multiple sensors to monitor essential vehicle parameters, including engine oil level, brake fluid level, radiator level, fuel level, washer fluid level, coolant level, and battery voltage. Sensor data is processed at the edge and transmitted to the cloud using the ThingSpeak IoT platform, enabling real-time visualization, logging, and remote accessibility. A rule-based decision model is implemented to evaluate vehicle health by comparing sensor readings against predefined safety thresholds, thereby classifying vehicle condition into safe or service-required states. This study focuses on sensor-wise functional behavior, threshold logic justification, system accuracy, communication latency, and reliability under continuous operation. Experimental results demonstrate stable real-time data acquisition, acceptable network latency within IoT constraints, and reliable decision outcomes for journey readiness assessment. Failure scenarios such as sensor faults, communication delays, and abnormal readings are also analyzed to validate system robustness.

The child labour continues to persist in India despite the presence of an extensive constitutional mandate, comprehensive statutory prohibitions, and multiple policy interventions aimed at its eradication. The sustained engagement of children in exploitative labour practices reveals that the problem cannot be explained solely through socio-economic deprivation, poverty, or lack of education. Rather, it reflects a deeper and more systemic failure of legal enforcement, governance mechanisms, and the criminal justice system. This paper advances the central argument that child labour must be reconceptualised and addressed as a continuing crime against children, involving clear violations of fundamental rights and criminal law, rather than being treated merely as a welfare or developmental concern. Through a critical examination of India’s legal framework, enforcement institutions, governance structures, and criminal justice response, the study exposes the persistent gap between law on paper and law in practice. Employing doctrinal legal analysis, supported by government crime data, judicial decisions, and international legal standards, the paper demonstrates that weak investigation practices, limited police engagement, poor prosecution outcomes, and negligible conviction rates have rendered criminal prohibitions against child labour largely ineffective. The analysis further reveals how administrative fragmentation, institutional apathy, and lack of accountability within enforcement agencies undermine the deterrent purpose of child labour laws.

In the recent years, the concept of employer branding has truly become a major area of interest for the researchers. In this hypercompetitive modern business environment, attracting and retaining talented employees have become one of the main means of competitive advantage. Now a days, employer branding has become a very vital tool for attracting talented workforce towards the organization and retaining them at work through cultivating an employer of choice strategy. The study is exploratory in nature and focuses on systematic literature review of available research publications related to employer branding and its influence on talent hiring process. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of empirical studies, this paper examines the key components of employer branding, its impact on talent acquisition, strategies for building and maintaining a strong employer branding and also recommends the challenges associated with employer branding. The findings of the study reveals that employer branding is the image of an organization that creates and maintains “a great place to work” in the mind of its current and potential employees. The findings also highlight that the employer branding has a significant and positive influence on talent acquisition. The literature review demonstrates that by effectively communicating organization’s core values, establishing strong culture, optimizing online presence, refining employee value proposition (EVP), responding to the employee experience, recognizing employee advocacy and creating strong brand ambassador can enhance employers’ appeal to potential candidates, thereby increasing employer branding efforts.

Modern lifestyles are increasingly characterized by physical inactivity, prolonged sitting, irregular eating patterns, and elevated stress levels. Although gym-based exercise is widely promoted for maintaining health, it is neither accessible nor sustainable for everyone. The present article emphasizes that simple daily habits integrated into routine life can significantly improve physical, mental, and social health without the need for a gym. Activities such as walking, stretching, proper posture, adequate hydration, balanced nutrition, quality sleep, and stress management play a crucial role in preventing lifestyle-related diseases. By adopting these low-cost, practical, and sustainable habits, individuals can enhance overall well-being, improve functional fitness, and promote long-term health. The article highlights evidence-based daily practices and their health benefits, making it relevant for health educators, physical education professionals, and the general population.

The elder abuse has emerged as a critical yet under-recognized human rights concern in ageing societies across the world, including India. Despite constitutional guarantees of dignity, equality, and social justice, older persons continue to experience multiple forms of abuse—physical, emotional, financial, and neglect—predominantly within familial and institutional settings. This paper critically examines the effectiveness of India’s elder protection framework in preventing elder abuse, with particular emphasis on the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, allied criminal laws, and welfare-oriented policy measures. The study argues that while India has adopted a welfare-centric legal approach aimed at post-abuse redressal, it lacks a comprehensive rights-based and preventive legal framework capable of addressing the structural causes and early indicators of elder abuse. Using a doctrinal and comparative legal research methodology, the paper analyses statutory provisions, constitutional mandates, judicial interpretations, and administrative mechanisms designed to safeguard elderly persons. It further evaluates operational challenges faced by maintenance tribunals, law-enforcement agencies, and social welfare institutions in effectively responding to elder abuse complaints. To situate India’s legal response within the global elder law discourse, the study undertakes a comparative analysis with international standards, including the United Nations Principles for Older Persons, the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, and elder abuse prevention frameworks adopted in jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. The comparative assessment reveals that international models increasingly emphasize prevention through early intervention, mandatory reporting, community-based monitoring, and integration of elder rights into mainstream human rights law—elements that remain inadequately developed in the Indian context. The paper concludes that effective prevention of elder abuse requires a paradigm shift from welfare-oriented remedial mechanisms to proactive, rights-based legal strategies. It advocates legislative and institutional reforms aimed at strengthening preventive safeguards, enhancing accountability, ensuring timely access to justice, and formally recognizing elder abuse as a distinct human rights violation within Indian law.

Kondisi pandemi Covid-19 ini mengakibatkan perubahan yang luar biasa, termasuk dalam bidang pendidikan. Seolah seluruh jenjang pendidikan 'dipaksa' bertransformasi untuk beradaptasi secara tiba-tiba drastis untuk melakukan pembelajaran dari rumah melalui media daring (online). Ini tentu bukanlah hal yang mudah, karena belum sepenuhnya siap. Problematika dunia pendidikan yaitu belum seragamnya proses pembelajaran, baik standar maupun kualitas capaian pembelajaran yang diinginkan. Berbagai aplikasi media pembelajaran pun sudah tersedia, baik pemerintah maupun swasta.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in the realm of decision-making, revolutionizing the way individuals and organizations make choices. This abstract explores the profound impact of AI in augmenting decision-making processes, elucidating how it empowers us to make smarter and more informed decisions. This article provides a brief overview of the key points discussed in this paper. It highlights the various application of AI in decision making. It also focuses the benefits of AI in terms of improved the skill of decision making. It also mentions the limitation of the study and suggests avenues for future research in the field.

The Sustainable Development Goals are aspiring goal-oriented by world leaders which set out a universal and outstanding agenda which enclose economic, environmental, political and social aspects of the wellbeing of societies and it can be seen as the critical goal for every country in the world. The progress of the world to meet the SDGs largely depends on India?s progress and growth. India played a prominent role in the formulation and achieving of Sustainable Development Goals and much of the country?s National Development Agenda is mirrored in the SDGs. In this accumulation, a stable global financial system is needed these days to satisfy its duty to boost the private and public capital mobilisation to achieve sustainable development and steady economic growth. Recently industry, innovation and infrastructure developments are needed for every country so digital transformation and advancement, specifically in the finance sector, include a wide range of technological developments, and applications. The potential of digital applications in the finance sector to resolve critical obstacles in financing for inclusive and sustainable growth becomes evident. This paper completely depends on secondary data it aims to provide a summary of India?s status at the National level and State level schemes for achieving SDGs and how all 17 Sustainable Development Goals are interconnected and interlinked with each other goals. Government schemes are contributing to reach out the basic requirements like one minimum bank account for one household, requirement of smart phone and acceptance of digital payment by rural and urban people. This paper also concentrates on detailed discussion associated with Indian Localization model for achieving SDG, NITI Aayog and Indian fintech?s contributions towards achieving various targets of Sustainable Development Goals.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly changing classroom instructional strategies. It transforms design, deliver, and evaluate learning experiences. This article examines the role of AI-powered tools in instructional design. The Artificial Intelligence emphasises the capacity to support lesson planning, content creation, differentiated instruction, assessment, and learning analytics. The study positions AI not as a replacement for teachers but as a collaborative pedagogical partner that enhances professional efficiency and instructional responsiveness analysing the contemporary educational research and technology integration frameworks. AI tools enable the generation of adaptive learning materials, automated feedback systems, and data-informed insights that help educators address diverse learner needs. The article further explores the significance of human oversight, ethical data practices, and professional development in maintaining meaningful AI integration. A constructive paradigm of AI-integrated instruction is developed based on constructivist learning theory. In this model learners actively engage in knowledge construction while AI provides adaptive scaffolding and formative feedback. Teachers remain the key as instructional decision-makers who contextualize AI outputs within pedagogical, cultural, and curricular frameworks. The discussion further recognises best practices for productive AI implementation, including privacy protection, bias awareness, and curriculum alignment. The paper argues that when guided by sound pedagogy and ethical awareness, AI tools can enhance student engagement, support inclusive and personalized learning, and strengthen the instructional design process. AI thus emerges as an intelligent instructional assistant that empowers educators to focus on higher-order teaching practices and fosters a more responsive and learner-centered classroom environment.

Indian media has traditionally been patriarchal, with women as obedient wife/mother/decoration on television, cinema, and advertisements. Newsrooms are still male-dominated and include women in "soft beats" and political leaders generally portrayed as appearance, family, or personality and not policy. These portrayals disempower credibility, limit aspirations, and deter women from coming into public life. Despite all this, women directors, journalists, and sportswomen have made a name for themselves and won respect, and women-centered films and web series began to feature empowered heroines. The internet offers other forms of exposure in the form of independent journalism and activism, but it also exposes women to trolling, abuse, and gender violence, revealing the very contradiction inherent in the internet. There are structural recruitment, promotion, and leadership shortages but framed by initiatives, feminist critique, and reform efforts. There is equality achieved through equal employment opportunity, anti-harassment legislation, gender-sensitive content regulation, and intersectional analysis coping with caste, class, and internet danger in finding representation with inclusivity in the media.

Digital inclusion intervention programs usually presuppose that gaining access to technology solely equates to empowerment. However, for rural women entrepreneurs, working in thoroughly gendered and resource-deprived environments, access does not suffice to produce any substantial difference. Building on our previous study, "Exploring Gender Dynamics and Empowerment in Rural Indian Social Entrepreneurship," this paper re-positions the role of smart technologies by redirecting the analytical spectrum from access to agency—the capacity to make strategic choices and act upon them under structural constraints. Based on a mixed-methods study in selected rural districts of Jharkhand, India, the paper evaluates the interaction of smart technologies—including digital payment systems, AI-based platforms, e-commerce technologies, and digitised SHG systems—with social norms, institutional support, and learning processes in building women’s entrepreneurial agency. Drawing on survey results, semi-structured interviews, and case studies (Karya.ai, Lal10, e-Shakti by NABARD, Udyamini/SoochnaPreneur), the study concludes that empowerment is an incremental process involving capacity-building, confidence formation, social legitimacy, and negotiated autonomy within households and communities. Smart technologies facilitate agency when anchored in supportive socio-cultural and institutional ecosystems. The findings advance the literature on gender and entrepreneurship and offer practical implications for conceptualizing technology-enabled empowerment as a dynamic process of agency formation rather than an outcome inherent in mere access.

Transfusion safety in Amazonian regions faces specific challenges due to endemic infections, population mobility, and variability in diagnostic platforms. In Loreto (Peruvian Amazon), evidence on infectious markers among blood donors remains fragmented, limiting policy decisions, testing prioritization, and resource allocation. Objective is to estimate, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of proportions, the pooled prevalence of infectious markers among blood donors in Loreto (Peru) and to explore heterogeneity by setting, time period, test type, and donor characteristics. This protocol follows PRISMA-P and will report the search according to PRISMA-S. We will include observational studies and institutional reports with primary-donor data from Loreto reporting numerators/denominators per marker (screening reactivity and/or confirmatory positivity, extracted separately). Minimum sources include PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS (BVS), and SciELO, complemented by Google Scholar and grey literature (institutional repositories, theses, and handsearching). Risk of bias will be assessed using the JBI checklist for prevalence studies. Synthesis will use a random-effects binomial generalized linear mixed model (GLMM; primary model) to pool proportions with 95% confidence intervals; heterogeneity will be quantified with ?² and I² and prediction intervals reported when feasible. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses (including exclusion of high risk of bias) are planned. Certainty of evidence will be assessed with a GRADE-informed approach adapted to prevalence.

Twacha (skin) is one of the most significant organs described in Ayurvedic classics, serving as the seat of Spar?anendriya and acting as a protective barrier for the body. Rachana Sharir elaborates upon the structural formation, layers, embryological development, and anatomical significance of Twacha. Classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya provide detailed descriptions of Twacha, including its seven layers, their thickness, functions, and disease associations. Modern anatomy also recognizes the skin as a complex organ composed of multiple layers with diverse physiological functions. This review aims to critically analyze the concept of Twacha Sharir in Ayurveda with special reference to Rachana Sharir and correlate it with modern anatomical understanding.

Lubricants are essential excipients in the manufacture of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms, particularly tablets and capsules. They play a critical role in reducing friction between the powder blend and processing equipment, preventing sticking to punches and dies, and ensuring smooth ejection of tablets during compression. However, inappropriate selection or excessive use of lubricants can adversely affect critical quality attributes such as tablet hardness, disintegration time, dissolution rate, and content uniformity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of lubricants used in solid dosage forms, including their mechanisms of action, classification, commonly used materials, and their impact on formulation and processing parameters. Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives in lubricant selection and optimization are also discussed.

Significant physiological changes brought on by pregnancy affect drug pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. These alterations are crucial for the treatment of women with epilepsy because they can result in lower plasma concentrations of various medications, including antiepileptic drugs. Lamotrigine, a frequently used AED during pregnancy, is extensively metabolized by glucuronidation, and its clearance increases noticeably during gestation. If doses are not changed, this frequently leads to subtherapeutic levels and an increase in the frequency of seizures. The physiological underpinnings of pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy are outlined in this study, along with particular modifications seen with lamotrigine and the clinical importance of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to improve outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. For pregnant women with epilepsy to get safe and effective treatment, a thorough understanding of these changes and customized dose management are crucial.

The paper examines the interaction of democracy, elections and accountability. It asserts that the current world needs strong electoral programs to bring leaders to book. The author relates to the example of ancient Athens to the recent multi-party systems demonstrating that elections are not only a step to allow people select a representative, but also a vital instrument to facilitate the transparency, responsiveness, and ethical rule. The paper deeply emphasizes the problems of the electoral structure, through a blend of political theory, case studies of the world, and behavioural economics, such as voter apathy, gerrymandering and misinformation that undermine our sense of accountability. Moreover, paper critically examine the role of electoral institutions in promoting civic participation, campaign-finance reforms that make the participation fairly competitive, and digital technology and populist movements as bringing about new challenges. The study combines numbers of international ranking like Varieties of Democracy project with stories of countries going through a transition to democracy to conclude that greater accountability requires both institutional protections and cultural shifts towards an informed citizenry. For political accountability, elections take place on a regular basis, courts supervise the government, and other meaningful separation institutions, including the Comptroller and Auditor General. However, its structural weaknesses still persist. The Supreme Court overturned the obscure system of electoral bonds in 2024 due to its lack of transparency. However, campaign money is very unregulated and there is no cap on expenditure. Lastly, the study cautions that in case of lack of any strong electoral integrity, democracy can descend into oligarchy. Hence, it provides policy makers, researchers and activists with a step-by-step approach to reinvigorating these pillars. The main point is that the true democratic vibrancy is based on incessant rearranging of the power by means of responsible elections.

The alcoholic beverage sector in Malawi plays a significant role in economic development through employment creation, revenue generation, and industrial growth. In an increasingly competitive market, companies rely heavily on sales promotion strategies to attract and retain customers. This study examined the influence of sales promotion strategies on customer loyalty in the alcoholic beverage sector of Malawi, with specific focus on Castel Malawi products. The research adopted a quantitative research design guided by a positivist philosophical approach to objectively measure the relationship between sales promotion strategies and customer loyalty. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 350 respondents, achieving a response rate of over 90 percent, which is considered excellent for survey research. The study focused on three key promotional strategies: product sampling, bonus packs, and rebate programs. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were employed to determine the extent to which each promotional strategy influenced customer loyalty. The findings revealed that all three sales promotion strategies significantly influenced customer loyalty. Product sampling increased trial purchases and strengthened trust in product quality. Bonus packs enhanced perceived value, encouraging repeat purchases. Rebates demonstrated a strong positive impact on loyalty, particularly when the redemption process was simple and convenient. However, complicated rebate procedures negatively affected repeat purchase behavior. The study concludes that well-designed and effectively implemented sales promotion strategies play a crucial role in building and sustaining customer loyalty in Malawi’s alcoholic beverage sector. The study recommends that Castel Malawi expand its sampling initiatives, improve the attractiveness of bonus packs, provide meaningful rebate incentives, and simplify rebate redemption procedures.

Elaeocarpacea1 is a family of 9 genera and about 200 species of shrubs and trees with simple, opposite, or alternate leaves. The flowers have 4-5 sepals, 4-5 or no petals and numerous stamens. Distributed in tropical, sub-tropical and occasionally temperate regions but not in Africa.

Ayurveda provides a comprehensive understanding of human anatomy through the principles of Rachana ?ar?ra. Among the structural entities described in classical texts, Kala ?ar?ra represents the membranous layers that demarcate Dh?tu and ??aya. Acharya Su?ruta has elaborately described seven Kalas, emphasizing their anatomical, physiological, and surgical relevance. The present literary review aims to analyze the concept of Kala ?ar?ra based on classical Ayurvedic texts, supported by original Sanskrit references, and to explore its significance in Rachana ?ar?ra along with possible correlations to modern anatomical structures.

Ayurveda conceptualizes the human organism as an intricate network of channels termed Strotas, through which Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, and subtle vital factors circulate to maintain homeostasis and support life. Strotas form the functional infrastructure for nourishment, biotransformation, communication, and excretion within the body and mind. Disturbance in the structure or function of these channels, known as Strotodushti, is considered a fundamental step in the genesis of disease. Classical texts describe various types of Strotas, their anatomical bases (Mulasthana), and the characteristic patterns of their vitiation. This review aims to synthesize classical Ayurvedic descriptions of Strotas and Strotodushti, highlight their physiological significance, and delineate their clinical implications in contemporary practice. Understanding Strotas and their pathological alterations provides a powerful framework for early diagnosis, rational planning of Shamana and Shodhana therapies, and lifestyle-based prevention of disease.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has revolutionized the field of robotics, enabling robots to transcend their traditional roles as automated machines and become intelligent entities capable of perceiving, reasoning, and decision-making. We examine many ways artificial intelligence (AI) is being used in robotics and emphasizes how it is revolutionizing a number of fields. By influencing the AI techniques such as machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and planning algorithms, robots are now equipped with the ability to interact with their environment in sophisticated ways. This study demonstrates the use of AI in robotics by looking at historical context, AI methods, and practical applications. The paper also addresses ethical and social implications arising from the integration of AI in robotics, emphasizing the need for responsible and inclusive deployment. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of AI in robotics and the exciting possibilities it brings for future advancements in intelligent machines.

This paper examines the emergence of the woke culture from the beginning of the term, as shown in the social justice movements, to its influence on corporate governance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Woke culture was originally associated with the awareness of racial and social injustice and the term has expanded to encompass broader concerns such as gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, environmental justice, and ethical labor practices. As these values have become embedded in public discourse, businesses have increasingly been pressured to align their strategies and identities with them. Therefore, drawing on theoretical perspectives from critical theory, ethics, and CSR, the paper analyzes how enterprises respond to this cultural shift and the ethical tensions that arise when social justice ideals intersect with profit-driven objectives. Attention is given to the practices of “woke-washing,” where companies seem to adopt progressive actions, but without implementing substantive organizational change in reality. Bibliographical research also aligns with corporate actions in the sense of moral, ethics and polarization of the public debate, amplified by digital media and activist movements. Also, the paper believes that woke culture is reshaping the meaning and expectations of CSR, pushing firms beyond philanthropy and toward deeper accountability for their social and environmental impacts.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 highlights dramatic reforms in India's educational system, with libraries assuming a crucial function in promoting learning, research, and innovation. The principle emphasizes the need of adequately equipped and easily accessible libraries in educational establishments, ranging from primary schools to tertiary universities. Libraries are conceptualized as vibrant centres for learning, facilitating the comprehensive growth of students through the provision of varied resources, digital technologies, and openended areas for collaboration. National Education Policy 2020 advocates for the incorporation of digital technology in libraries, fostering the establishment of digital repositories and virtual libraries to guarantee fair and equal access to information. Moreover, it emphasizes the requirement of ongoing training for library personnel to be up to date with advancing technologies and information management methodologies. Libraries are strategically positioned as hubs for self-directed learning, that facilitate the cultivation of critical thinking, research abilities, and lifelong learning. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes the function of libraries in facilitating multi-disciplinary education and research, therefore contributing to the creation of a comprehensive and creative educational framework. NEP 2020 aims to use inclusive and technology-enabled library services to position libraries as crucial contributors to the educational reform in India.

Conventional thermal heating used in pharmaceutical synthesis and processing often suffers from slow heat transfer, high energy consumption, solvent-intensive conditions, and unwanted by-products due to prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures. In response, green chemistry has accelerated the adoption of energy-efficient “non-classical” activation methods that improve reaction efficiency while reducing waste and environmental burden. This review discusses microwave-assisted approaches as a leading green heating technology for pharmaceutical applications, highlighting its rapid volumetric heating, shortened reaction times, cleaner conversions, and potential for solvent minimization. Beyond microwave irradiation, emerging alternatives, including ultrasound-assisted (sonochemical) activation, mechanochemical/solvent-free grinding (ball milling), photochemical/visible-light activation, electrochemical methods, and infrared-assisted heating, are critically examined for their relevance in drug substance (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) synthesis, intermediate preparation, crystallization/co-crystal development, and selected formulation operations. These methods often enable milder conditions, improved selectivity, reduced reagent excess, and enhanced mass transfer, supporting sustainability targets without compromising product quality. Key pharmaceutical considerations such as scalability, reproducibility, process safety, impurity control, and quality-by-design compatibility are discussed, alongside practical limitations (equipment cost, scale-up complexity, and process standardization). Overall, integrating microwave technology with newer green activation strategies offers a practical pathway to safer, faster, and more sustainable pharmaceutical development and manufacturing, while aligning with evolving expectations for environmentally responsible drug production.

Health professional education is widely recognized as intellectually demanding and emotionally taxing, particularly during the early stages of training when students are required to adapt to rigorous academic workloads, clinical expectations, and professional identity formation. These pressures often result in heightened stress, emotional exhaustion, and vulnerability to burnout, which may adversely affect students’ mental health, academic performance, and future professional competence. In recent years, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) has emerged as a promising preventive intervention aimed at enhancing psychological well-being and resilience among student populations. This research article examines the role of MBSR as a preventive strategy for reducing stress and emotional exhaustion among novice health professional students. Drawing upon theoretical foundations of mindfulness, stress psychology, and medical education, the study explores how structured mindfulness training can support emotional regulation, self-awareness, and adaptive coping mechanisms during the formative stages of professional education. The article synthesizes existing empirical findings and conceptual frameworks to demonstrate that MBSR contributes to reduced perceived stress, lower levels of emotional exhaustion, and improved overall well-being. The discussion highlights how mindfulness practices such as body scanning, mindful breathing, and non-judgmental awareness enable students to respond more skillfully to academic and emotional challenges. Rather than eliminating stressors, MBSR fosters a healthier relationship with stress by cultivating acceptance, attentional stability, and compassion toward oneself and others. The article further argues that integrating MBSR into early-stage health professional curricula can function as a proactive mental health intervention, potentially preventing the progression from transient stress to chronic burnout. The findings underscore the relevance of MBSR not only as a therapeutic tool but also as an educational resource that supports sustainable professional development and ethical care practices.

Environmental dangers from conception impact children's health and development through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. The environment shapes a child's future since ecological risk factors can affect fetal programming and early growth, and early life exposures impact adult health. Air pollution impairs neurodevelopment, resulting in poorer performance on cognitive tests, which harms the development of the mind and the body. Even at modest exposure levels, air pollution harms children's lungs.

The quality of education in Nigerian tertiary institutions has increasingly come under scrutiny due to persistent underfunding and weaknesses in resource management. Despite the critical role of higher education in human capital development, research advancement, and national transformation, many Nigerian universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education operate under severe financial and governance constraints. This article examines the extent to which inadequate funding and inefficient resource management affect the quality of education in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Drawing on a synthesis of recent empirical and policy-based evidence, the paper analyses how funding shortfalls and management deficiencies influence infrastructure development, teaching effectiveness, research productivity, staff motivation, student learning experiences, and graduate outcomes. The study reveals that chronic underinvestment, when combined with weak financial governance, poor planning, and limited accountability, creates systemic inefficiencies that undermine academic standards and institutional stability. These challenges manifest in deteriorating facilities, overcrowded learning environments, frequent academic disruptions, limited research output, and declining labour market relevance of graduates. The article argues that sustainable improvement in educational quality requires an integrated approach that addresses both funding adequacy and the effectiveness of resource utilisation. It concludes that strengthening financial commitment to tertiary education, improving institutional governance, and aligning resource allocation with quality assurance mechanisms are essential for revitalising Nigerian tertiary institutions and enhancing their contribution to national development and global knowledge production.

This study examined community perception of the biochemical basis, effectiveness, and safety of herbal medicines in Katsina State. The research was motivated by the widespread use of herbal remedies alongside limited scientific awareness of their chemical composition, regulation, and potential health risks. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from respondents across different demographic backgrounds using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, including frequency distributions and percentages. The findings revealed that herbal medicine use is highly prevalent in Katsina State, with 75.0% of respondents reporting regular use. Herbal remedies are commonly used to treat malaria, typhoid, stomach ache, body pain, and cold/flu While respondents view herbal medicines as effective, knowledge of their active ingredients is low, with 60% unaware of their biochemical compounds. Despite most reporting no side effects, many experienced adverse reactions and were uncertain about herb drug interactions. Awareness of NAFDAC's regulatory role is moderate, and label-checking is inconsistent. The study highlights the need for better public education, awareness of regulations, and the integration of scientific data into traditional practices to ensure safer use of herbal medicines in Katsina State.

Gender plays a significant role in the lives of human beings, preliminary at the moment of their birth when they are given a blue blanket or a pink blanket and sent forward on a path that will turn them into what their culture considers proper men or women. From the very first breaths, humans are taught to follow a strict code of behaviour that differs depending on their sex. Many researches have critics about the men writers writing about women. Many times, the men author fails to express the issue of women. In a patriarchal society, this often means that a male will lead a privileged life in which he is thought to be the standard for human experience and the female will lead a subjugated, subservient life in which she is defined only in relation to males. Forcing men and women to fit into gender roles is damaging as it leads to the belief that these roles represent truth, causing gender stereotypes to endure. It also forces men and women to experience life only from their point of view as men or women, not as human beings. If art is a reflection of life, then one would expect that literature would present worlds in which these gender roles exist and women experience life far differently from men and suffer because of it. Gender roles are hard to dispel, but some male authors have attempted to see life from a woman’s perspective. Researcher has written this article based on the few theories and novels.

Food security remains a major development challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty, climate variability, land degradation, and unsustainable agricultural practices continue to constrain agricultural productivity. In Malawi, the situation is particularly severe in rural areas where livelihoods depend largely on smallholder farming. Declining soil fertility and increasing reliance on costly inorganic fertilizers have significantly reduced crop yields, thereby threatening household food security (FAO, 2021). As a result, there is growing interest in sustainable, low-cost agricultural practices that enhance soil productivity while reducing dependence on external inputs.

I am most grateful to God Almighty who in his infinite mercy gave me the grace to face this great task and go through with it. My huge gratitude goes the indomitable staffs and management of Metronetwork Online Limited, for their sincere corporation and necessary suggestions during the course of this work, which earned this work its success, thank you for the opportunity. My gratitude also goes to the entire lecturers of Uniport, faculty of communication and media studies and their wonderful, smart and intelligent stundents for their support which led to the success of this work. However, my deepest gratitude goes to my dear family for their prayers and encouragement.

The intersection of robotics and eye tracking technology offers exciting potential for enhancing Robot - Human interaction, augmenting various fields. Understanding intricacies of both robotics and eye tracking involves delving into concepts like perception, control, and machine learning. Eye tracking technology captures and analyzes human gaze, providing insights into attention and focus, which can be crucial for designing robots that respond intuitively to human behavior. By integrating these technologies, we can improve accessibility, navigation, and interaction with robots. Questions arise concerning principled implications, data privacy and extent to which robots should be equipped with such capabilities. As these technologies progress, considerations regarding their integration into everyday environments becomes pivotal to ensure they align with human needs and moral codes. The challenges and opportunities provided by eye tracking and robotics call for interdisciplinary research and collaboration among technologists, ethicists, and social scientists to address multifaceted challenges they present.