The Smart Automated Medicine Dispensing System is an IoT-based solution designed to enhance accuracy and efficiency in medicine distribution. It uses a ESP32, IR sensors, servo motors, and a camera module to automate the dispensing process. The system detects the user, verifies identity through image recognition, retrieves prescription data, and dispenses the correct medicine automatically while updating stock in real time. This reduces human error, improves inventory management, and enhances patient safety. The proposed system offers a cost-effective, scalable, and reliable approach for hospitals and care centers, supporting remote monitoring and smart healthcare automation.

The system employs a combination of sensors, including ultrasonic sensors for crack detection, vibration sensors for identifying structural abnormalities, temperature sensors for monitoring thermal expansion, and GPS modules for accurate fault localization. A microcontroller, such as an Arduino or ESP32, processes the sensor data and transmits it to a cloud-based platform using GSM/Wi-Fi communication. In the event of abnormal conditions, the system generates real-time alerts to railway authorities through a mobile application or web dashboard, enabling prompt maintenance actions. Additionally, the integration of machine learning algorithms can facilitate predictive maintenance by analyzing historical data to forecast potential failures. The proposed system improves operational efficiency, reduces the risk of derailments, minimizes manual inspection efforts, and ensures passenger safety. Its cost-effective and scalable design makes it suitable for deployment across extensive railway networks, particularly in remote and high-risk areas. The Integrated Railway Track Monitoring System offers a smart and reliable approach to railway infrastructure management. By leveraging IoT and advanced sensing technologies, the system significantly enhances safety, enables real-time monitoring, and supports data-driven decision-making for preventive maintenance.

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of Jaya, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Rao algorithms for optimal allocation of Distributed Generation (DG) in power system networks. The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources and distributed generation technologies has introduced significant challenges in voltage regulation, active power loss minimization, and system stability. To address these challenges, intelligent optimization techniques are employed for determining the optimal location and sizing of DG units in IEEE standard bus systems. The proposed work evaluates IEEE 9-bus, IEEE 14-bus, and IEEE 30-bus systems using Newton–Raphson load flow analysis. Simulation results demonstrate considerable reduction in active power losses and enhancement in voltage profile after DG integration. Comparative analysis indicates that Jaya and Rao algorithms provide superior convergence characteristics and lower computational complexity compared to conventional PSO.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is another technology widely used by the brands in marketing their eco-friendly products in modern society.AI assists in businesses designing custom advertisements, suggesting environmentally-friendly products, and reaching consumers who are concerned about the environment. However, there is one issue that the majority of people fail to notice: AI itself consumes a great deal of power. The production of AI systems and their operation generates carbon emissions, consumes a lot of water, and contributes to electronic waste.
Thus, when a brand affirms to the clients that it is going green with the use of AI technology, the technology involved in conveying such messages to them might be damaging the Environment. This paper examines this paradox. It poses a very basic yet a meaningful question: is the pollution of AI tools offsetting the green advantages that brands claim to offer? In answering this, the study is done in two methods. First, it analyses energy consumption and carbon emissions of typical AI marketing tools using a life-cycle assessment using secondary data. Second, we approached primary data by conducting a survey of 120 consumers to determine whether they are aware of the environmental costs of AI and whether this understanding changes their perception of green brands. The findings indicate that the majority of companies fail to quantify or disclose the degree of pollution caused by their artificial intelligence marketing solutions. Even most consumers are unaware that the AI that generates recommendations on their shopping has a carbon footprint. Brands are also not asked to be honest about this in clear rules and standards. The present paper identifies a weakness of green marketing and proposes some straightforward things that brands and regulators should do in order to make AI-induced sustainability claims more truthful and really beneficial to the planet.

Drug addiction has emerged as a serious public health and socio-economic concern in many regions of India, including the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh. While substantial research has focused on individuals suffering from substance use disorders, comparatively less attention has been given to the families who bear the indirect burden of addiction. The present study investigates the socio-economic and psychological hazardous effects experienced by parents of drug-addicted siblings in selected districts of Himachal Pradesh. The study adopts a mixed-method research approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques to capture both measurable impacts and lived experiences of affected families. The findings reveal that parents experience significant psychological distress characterized by anxiety, stress, emotional exhaustion, helplessness, and fear regarding the future of their addicted children. In addition to emotional burden, families face considerable socio-economic challenges, including increased healthcare expenditure, loss of income, debt accumulation, and financial instability. Social stigma and community judgment further intensify emotional isolation, discouraging open discussion and timely help-seeking behavior. Family relationships are also adversely affected, with increased conflicts, communication breakdown, and emotional distancing observed within households. Despite these challenges, many families adopt coping strategies such as religious practices, family support systems, counseling, and continued efforts toward rehabilitation of the addicted member. However, limited access to mental health services, especially in rural and remote areas, remains a significant barrier to effective coping and recovery support. The study concludes that drug addiction is not only an individual health issue but a multidimensional family and social problem that requires integrated intervention strategies. Strengthening family counseling, expanding mental health services, reducing social stigma, and providing socio-economic support are essential for improving the well-being of affected families in Himachal Pradesh.

This systematic literature review examines modern approaches to parental involvement and school–family partnerships in education. Using the PRISMA framework, the study analyzed peer-reviewed literature from major academic databases published mainly between 2018 and 2026. The findings show that effective school–family partnerships are built on collaborative communication, trust, cultural responsiveness, digital engagement, shared leadership, and community participation. The review also identifies barriers such as socioeconomic inequality, language challenges, institutional bias, inadequate teacher training, and weak policy support. Overall, the study concludes that schools should move beyond traditional parental involvement models and adopt equitable, partnership-based approaches that recognize families as active partners in educational decision-making. These approaches positively influence student achievement, motivation, attendance, social-emotional development, and overall school climate.

This study examines the impact of digital payment systems on consumer behaviour in India. The research focuses on the usage of digital payment methods such as UPI, mobile wallets, internet banking, and QR code payments. The study analyses consumer preferences, satisfaction levels, spending behaviour, and factors influencing the adoption of digital payments. The findings reveal that convenience, faster transactions, and cashback offers are the major reasons behind the increasing use of digital payment systems. However, issues related to security, transaction failures, and internet connectivity still affect consumers. The study concludes that digital payment systems play an important role in promoting a cashless economy.

Capital budgeting is an important aspect of financial management that helps businesses evaluate long-term investment decisions such as purchase of machinery, vehicles, equipment, technology, and business expansion projects. Effective investment decisions are essential for improving profitability, reducing financial risk, and ensuring long-term business growth. Capital budgeting techniques such as Payback Period, Accounting Rate of Return (ARR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are widely used to assess the feasibility and profitability of investment opportunities.
The present study titled “A Study on Capital Budgeting Techniques Used by Small Business Owners in Investment Decision Making” focuses on understanding how small business owners evaluate investment opportunities and which financial techniques they use before making investment decisions. The study also examines the level of awareness regarding capital budgeting, factors influencing investment decisions, methods used for estimating project cost and return, and problems faced during investment evaluation.
The research is descriptive in nature and is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 10 small businesses operating in sectors such as transportation, retail, construction, manufacturing, IT services, furniture, automobile services, grocery, and pharmaceutical businesses. Secondary data was collected from books, research papers, journals, and financial management literature related to capital budgeting and investment decision-making.
The analysis of data was conducted using percentage analysis, tables, pie charts, bar charts, and interpretation methods. The findings of the study revealed that most small business owners are aware of basic investment concepts, but many rely mainly on simple methods such as Payback Period due to ease of understanding and quick recovery of investment. Advanced techniques such as NPV and IRR are less commonly used because of limited financial knowledge and complexity. The study also found that expected profitability, availability of funds, and risk considerations are major factors influencing investment decisions.
The study highlights that lack of financial knowledge, shortage of funds, and difficulty in forecasting future returns are major challenges faced by small business owners while making investment decisions. The research suggests that increasing financial awareness, adopting simple financial planning tools, and seeking professional guidance can improve investment decision-making practices among small businesses.
Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of capital budgeting in small businesses and provides useful insights into practical investment appraisal practices followed by small business owners.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a debilitating chronic autoimmune disorder targeting synovial joints with an approximate global prevalence rate of 0.5 to 1 percent among adults. In case of non-detection at the onset of the disease, RA can cause permanent joint damage, decreased functionality, and considerable degradation of the quality of life of affected patients. The similarity between RA with other autoimmune disorders like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Psoriatic Arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome makes the diagnostic process complicated. This study aims to compare four prevalent machine learning classifiers, namely Logistic Regression, SVM, Random Forest, and KNN for multi-class classification of autoimmune arthritis from clinical biomarker features. Experimentation shows that Random Forest gives maximum accuracy of 83.08 percent and macro-averaged ROC-AUC score of 0.9786. Interpretability through SHAP reveals Anti-CCP and Rheumatoid Factor as the most relevant biomarkers in classification. The statistical significance of results is checked using paired t-test.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection affects the liver and can lead to potentially life-threatening acute or chronic disease. The population with high HBV infection prevalence of ≥ 8%, such as Nigeria, presents the highest risk of HBV transmission among health-workers. There is a need to disseminate knowledge of HBV infection and the risk of transmission to health-workers. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis b virus infection among health care workers in Karu Primary Health Care, FCT, Abuja. A cross-sectional descriptive research that studied 70 randomly selected health-workers was conducted between June and October 2025. Collected data with a pre-tested structured questionnaire, and analyzed it with SPSS version 21.0. The study recorded a prevalence of 7.1% among studied respondents. Hepatitis B prevalence was more prevalent in males (12.9%), those who were below 29 years (10.5%), those who were still single (9.5%), and those with 1 - 5 years experience (8.3%) following distribution based on gender, age group, educational qualification, marital status, and years of work experience respectively, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There was no association between the risk factors assessed and HBV infection.

This study investigated the effects of peer tutoring strategy on Basic 8 students’ interest and academic performance in Social Studies in Benue Senatorial Zone B, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the persistent poor performance and low interest of students in Social Studies, which have been partly attributed to the continued use of teacher-centred instructional approaches such as the lecture method. Specifically, the study sought to determine the difference in the academic performance and interest of students taught Social Studies using peer tutoring strategy and those taught using lecture method. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design involving a non-randomized pre-test, post-test control group design. The area of the study was Benue North-West Educational Zone comprising seven Local Government Areas. The population consisted of 4,342 Basic 8 students in 87 public junior secondary schools during the 2023/2024 academic session. A sample size of 220 students representing 5% of the population was selected using intact classes. Two instruments developed by the researcher, namely Social Studies Performance Test (SSPT) and Social Studies Interest Questionnaire (SSIQ), were used for data collection. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that students taught Social Studies using peer tutoring strategy achieved significantly higher academic performance than those taught using lecture method. The findings also showed that students exposed to peer tutoring strategy developed greater interest in Social Studies compared to those taught using the conventional lecture method. Based on the findings, the study concluded that peer tutoring strategy is an effective instructional approach for improving students’ academic performance and interest in Social Studies. It was therefore recommended among others that Social Studies teachers should adopt peer tutoring strategy in classroom instruction and that school administrators should organize workshops and seminars to train teachers on the effective use of peer tutoring strategy in Social Studies teaching.

Cryptocurrency markets generate continuous high- volume, high-velocity data streams, including real-time prices, trading volumes, and market capitalization for thousands of assets. At the same time, many retail investors and students still rely on fragmented tools such as static price-trackers, mobile applications, and ad-hoc spreadsheets, which makes it difficult to maintain a consolidated view of holdings, iden- tify trends, and take timely decisions. This paper presents Crypto Dashboard, a full-stack web application that applies data analytics and visualization techniques to live cryptocurrency data using a MERN-style technology stack comprising React, Vite, Tailwind CSS, Chart.js, Node.js/Express, and MongoDB. The system integrates real-time price tracking with 30-second auto-refresh, interactive charts, portfolio profit/loss computation, watchlists, and configurable price alerts. Security-aware backend engineering is incorporated through JSON Web Token (JWT)- based authentication, bcrypt password hashing, input validation, rate limiting, Content Security Policy (CSP) headers, and cross- site scripting (XSS) protection, making the platform suitable for deployment in adversarial web environments. Experimental evaluation shows that the dashboards effectively summarize complex market behaviour and portfolio status into intuitive visual interfaces, supporting faster decision-making compared with manual tracking workflows and serving as a reusable template for educational projects on data analytics and web security.

The rapid growth of digital technology has significantly transformed the entertainment industry, with subscription-based streaming platforms like Netflix emerging as dominant global players. This study aims to analyse the influence of Netflix on consumer subscription decisions with special reference to users in Tirupur City. The research focuses on understanding how factors such as content quality, pricing, technology features, user experience, and social influence impact subscription behaviour among different demographic groups. The study adopts a quantitative research design and primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire from 100 respondents who are users of Netflix. The secondary data were gathered from journals, books, and online sources. The study concludes that content quality, affordable pricing, and mobile accessibility are the most significant factors influencing subscription decisions. The findings provide valuable insights for marketers and streaming platforms in designing effective subscription and retention strategies.

The rapid progress of digital technologies has drastically altered the structure and function of higher education institutions globally. In response to these advances, the idea of Higher Education 5.0 has emerged as a progressive educational framework that integrates the latest technological developments with human-centred teaching approaches. This way of thinking stresses the successful use of technology such as artificial intelligence and hybrid learning environments, while retaining educators' critical role in leading and enabling meaningful learning opportunities. Higher Education 5.0 strives to create a more flexible, inventive, and learner-centred academic environment by merging technological advancements with collaborative and student-focused teaching methodologies. Artificial intelligence–based educational tools and digital learning platforms have increasingly become part of modern educational systems. These technologies enable students to access a wide range of academic resources, explore diverse perspectives, and engage more actively in the learning process. The availability of intelligent learning systems also allows educators to design more interactive teaching strategies and provide timely academic support to students. As a result, the integration of artificial intelligence within higher educationhas the potential to enhance students’analytical abilities, promote independent learning, and encourage the development of critical thinking skills. Artificial intelligence–based educational tools and digital learning platforms have increasingly become part of modern educational systems. These technologies enable students to access a wide range of academic resources, explore diverse perspectives, andengage more actively in the learning process. The availability of intelligent learning systems also allows educators to design more interactive teaching strategies and provide timelyacademic support to students. As a result, the integration of artificial intelligence within higher education has the potential to enhance students’ analytical abilities, promote independent learning, and encourage the development of critical thinking skills.

Although chemical mouthwashes with alcohol and chlorhexidine are regarded as the "gold standard" for oral cleanliness, adverse effects such mucosal dryness, teeth discolouration, and altered taste perception frequently restrict their long-term usage. In order to create a safer, more comprehensive alternative for dental treatment, this study investigates the shift toward natural polyherbal formulations, drawing on traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medical practices.

Soil quality plays a fundamental role in determining agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. The present study focuses on the assessment of physico-chemical properties of surface soil (0–15 cm depth) collected from Palldnouli Village, located in Odgi Block of Surajpur District, Chhattisgarh. The objective of this research is to evaluate soil fertility status and identify key factors influencing soil health in the study area.

Soil samples were collected from different locations of the village using standard sampling techniques and analyzed for important physico-chemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), and micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). The results revealed that the soil in the study area is generally acidic to slightly acidic in nature, with low to moderate electrical conductivity, indicating non-saline conditions. Organic carbon content was found to be moderate, suggesting average soil fertility.

The analysis of nutrients indicated variability across sampling sites, with some locations showing deficiencies in essential nutrients like nitrogen and micronutrients, particularly zinc and boron. However, the levels of iron and manganese were observed to be within adequate ranges for plant growth. These variations may be attributed to differences in land use patterns, agricultural practices, and natural soil formation processes.

The study concludes that while the soils of Palldnouli Village are suitable for agriculture, there is a need for proper nutrient management and soil conservation practices to enhance productivity and maintain soil health. The findings provide valuable baseline data for farmers, researchers, and policymakers to develop sustainable soil management strategies and improve crop yield in the region.

This paper aims at finding patterns of solutions in integers to quaternary quadratic diophantine equation given by .Substitution technique and factorization method are utilized to obtain varieties of integer solutions. It is worth to observe that the introduction of the transformations reduce the quadratic equation with four unknowns to solvable ternary quadratic equation. A few relations among the solutions are presented.

When people speak different dialects of the same language, language barriers can be a major problem both between languages and within a single language. One excellent example is Marathi, a language that is spoken extensively in Maharashtra and has multiple dialects, including Varhadi, Khandeshi, Marathwada, and a Konkani-influenced variant. These linguistic differences usually result in significant communication barriers, which especially affect important public domains like healthcare, education, and governance.
MaatiBhasha AI is suggested as a solution to this particular problem. In order to translate these regional Marathi dialects into Standard Marathi or English, it is envisioned as a multilingual, dialect-aware artificial intelligence system. The system is designed to accommodate a wide range of functions, such as text-to-speech output, machine translation, speech recognition for dialectal input, and smooth chatbot integration.
This system's link to GovMe APIs is one of its main innovations. Citizens can now directly access government services and information in their native language thanks to this integration, especially those who live in rural or tribal areas. This project's concept, system design, implementation stages, and potential future developments are all covered in detail in this paper.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the major factors responsible for skin damage, sunburn, pigmentation, premature aging, and other skin-related disorders. Although synthetic sunscreens are commonly used for protection against harmful UV rays, prolonged use may sometimes lead to skin irritation and other side effects. As a result, herbal sunscreen formulations have gained attention due to their better safety, natural origin, and skin-friendly properties.
The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a herbal tinted sunscreen cream containing Aloe vera, Turmeric, Beetroot extract, and Zinc oxide for natural UV protection. Aloe vera was used for its moisturizing and soothing effect, turmeric for antioxidant and protective activity, beetroot for providing natural tint and antioxidant benefits, and zinc oxide as a mineral UV-blocking agent. The formulation was prepared by the emulsification method and evaluated for appearance, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, stability, irritancy, and Sun Protection Factor (SPF).

The prepared cream showed good consistency, smooth texture, satisfactory spreadability, suitable pH, and good stability during the study period. The formulation also demonstrated effective UV protective activity along with improved cosmetic appearance due to the natural tint of beetroot extract. The study suggests that the developed herbal tinted sunscreen cream may serve as a safe, stable, and effective natural sunscreen formulation for daily skin protection.

This paper presents the dynamic modelling, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a magnetic-based conveyor system for segregating metallic from non-metallic solid waste. The system integrates a 0.5 hp motor-driven PVC conveyor belt with Grade N52 neodymium permanent magnets analytically positioned to exert a computed attraction force of approximately 1.04 kN on ferrous and conductive particles. Dynamic models were developed for the three governing subsystems: the motor-belt drive (power–torque–speed), the magnetic separation zone (Maxwell stress tensor), and the Arduino-based sensor-controller (ultrasonic and colour sensing). A SolidWorks-validated structural frame of 3 mm mild steel provides the mechanical support platform. Performance evaluation over three replicate trials using mixed-waste samples (aluminium cans, steel nails, copper wires, plastics, glass, and wood) yielded an average segregation efficiency of 92%, a throughput of 1.25 kg/min, and a power consumption of 0.40 kWh/hr. These results are competitive with published benchmarks on segregation efficiency (Singh et al., 2021), superior to comparable systems on throughput (Adeyemi et al., 2022), and 27% more energy-efficient than a reference continuous-duty system (Zhao et al., 2020). The dynamic modelling framework and validated design equations provide a transferable basis for scaling and optimising magnetic waste segregation systems in resource-constrained settings.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of Blended Instructional Strategy on Upper Basic Students’ Academic Achievement and Retention in Basic Science and Technology in Makurdi Local Government Area, Benue State. two objectives, and two research questions were set and two hypotheses. The study adopted quasi-experimental research design. The study was carried out in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State on a population of 1312 Basic Eight (8) students in the twenty-one (21) Upper Basic schools in the study area. The study was conducted on a sample of 173 students drawn randomly from four co-educational schools in the study area. The instrument for data collection was Basic Science and Technology Achievement Test (BSTAT) and Basic Science and Technology Retention test (BSTRT), which were first validated by three relevant authorities. K-R20 method of estimating reliability were adopted to determine the internal consistency of the items of the instrument and it yielded a reliability co-efficient index of
0.90. Descriptive statistics of Mean and Standard Deviation was used to answer the research questions, while inferential statistics of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. From the findings, it could be concluded that both the blended instructional strategy and the conventional teaching method are effective in improving students’ achievement and retention in Basic Science and Technology, as both groups recorded comparable levels of Academic Achievement and retention. However, the blended instructional strategy proved to be more beneficial in certain aspects, particularly in the academic achievement and retention of female students over their male counterparts. The recommendations emphasize promoting blended instructional strategies in Basic Science and Technology at the Upper Basic level. The Ministry of Education should support this through curriculum review, provision of digital facilities, and teacher training. School heads are to create an enabling environment by ensuring access to ICT tools, reliable power supply, and internet connectivity, as well as organizing workshops for teachers. Teachers should integrate blended learning with traditional methods to improve students’ understanding and engagement. Policy makers should establish and fund policies that ensure effective ICT integration, teacher training, and proper implementation in junior secondary schools.

Nutritional disorders remain a major public health concern among populations utilizing Primary Health Centre (PHC) services in rural and semi-urban regions of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu. This study aims to examine the geo-spatial distribution and determinants of nutritional disorders among PHC patients using socio-economic, environmental, and statistical approaches. The study is based on both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected from 260 respondents selected from 13 PHCs using stratified random sampling techniques during 2023–24. Secondary data were obtained from government health departments, Census records, and statistical handbooks. Statistical techniques including Z-score analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and ANOVA were employed to examine the prevalence and determinants of nutritional disorders. Regression and ANOVA analyses indicated weak statistical relationships, suggesting that nutritional disorders are influenced by multiple interconnected socio-economic and environmental factors. The study concludes that nutritional disorders in Madurai district are spatially uneven and strongly associated with socio-economic deprivation, environmental conditions, and inadequate public health infrastructure. Integrated nutritional intervention strategies, sanitation improvement, food security measures, and community-based healthcare awareness programs are essential to reduce nutritional vulnerability among PHC patients.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of the Problem-Based Learning Strategy (PBLS) on Upper Basic students’ achievement in Basic Science and Technology in Konshisha Local Government Area (LGA). Two objectives and two research questions were set and two hypotheses. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design specifically for the study. This study was carried out in Konshisha Local Government Area of Benue State. The target population of this study comprised 3,240 Basic 8 Students with the sample consisted of 103. The Basic Science Achievement Test (BSAT) instrument was used. The Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 (K-R21) was used to analyze reliability and the coefficient of 0.81 for the BSAT. To answer the research questions, mean and standard deviation were used while the hypotheses were tested at the 0.05 level of significance using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings showed that there is significant difference in the mean achievement scores of Basic 8 students taught Basic Science and Technology using PBLS and those taught using the Lecture Method in Konshisha LGA. The recommended Problem Based Learning Strategy should be integrated into the Basic Science and Technology curriculum for use by Teachers because it has enhanced Students Achievements

This study explores healthcare utilization patterns and socio-economic factors influencing knowledge, attitude, and behavioural access to PHC patients in Sepahijala District, Tripura, a predominantly rural area. The district of Sepahijala is located in the southwest extreme in the state of Tripura, India. The study involved both primary and secondary data collection. A total of 300 respondents have been contacted by questionnaire survey method based on the stratified random sampling method in all 7 blocks of the district. Factor analysis is a multivariate statistical technique used to investigate health status, treatment satisfaction, patients' perception, knowledge, and socioeconomic level of the patients. The findings highlight significant healthcare access related to knowledge, attitude of patients and its behaviour. Health access and utilization factors, socioeconomic factors, patient perception, and the surrounding environment are the primary determinants for health care in the Sepahijal district, Tripura.

A herbal soap was formulated using the leaf extract of Tulsi, and Neem, Alovera, Turmeric powder. Ayurvedic cosmetic are also known as the herbal cosmetic the natural content in the herbs does not have any side effect on the human body most herbal supplement are based on several botanical ingredients with long histories of traditional or folk medicine usage. Numerous chemical toxins microorganism present in the atmosphere may cause chemical infection and damage to skin cosmetic alone are not sufficient to take care of skin and body parts.
Tulsi is broad spectrum antibacterial activity, tulsi has proved to be highly effective in protecting our body from various infections and disease of the liver, skin, kidney, etc. Herbal soap of tulsi preparation is medicine or drugs it contain Antibacterial and Antifungal agent.
Soap properties have been used to treat various skin disorders. Species of streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus are the most common types of fungus that cause skin infections [2]. This wonder herb is used to test acne, skin infections , lighten dark spots , pimples and improve skin texture. The leaves of the Tulsi plant are believed to possess healing properties and are often used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various ailments and illnesses.
Well known for its anti- acne benefits, tulsi can help reduce, heal and fade appearance of acne, pimples and blemishes on the skin.

Skin rashes are one of the most common dermatological conditions caused by irritation, infection, allergies, or prolonged exposure to moisture and friction. These conditions often lead to discomfort, redness, inflammation, and itching, affecting individuals of all age groups, especially infants and people with sensitive skin.

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a topical anti-rash paste designed to provide relief from skin irritation and promote healing. The formulation incorporates natural and pharmaceutical ingredients known for their soothing, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and protective properties.

The anti-rash paste was prepared using ingredients such as zinc oxide, calamine, aloe vera extract, and other excipients that enhance stability and spreadability. The preparation method was carefully designed to ensure uniform consistency and effectiveness.

Evaluation parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and skin irritation tests were conducted to determine the quality and safety of the formulation. The results indicated that the prepared paste exhibited suitable physicochemical properties and was effective in reducing irritation without causing adverse effects.

This project highlights the importance of topical formulations in dermatological care and demonstrates the potential of combining traditional and modern pharmaceutical approaches to develop safe and effective skincare products.

Digitalis purpurea (Family: Scrophulariaceae), popularly known as foxglove, is a biennial herb native to Europe and widely cultivated across temperate regions for its ornamental and medicinal value. The leaves of the plant are rich in potent cardiac glycosides, primarily digoxin and digitoxin, which exert profound effects on cardiac function. However, these compounds possess a narrow therapeutic index, and unprocessed crude drug material can cause severe toxicity, including arrhythmias and systemic disturbances. Consequently, the raw drug must undergo careful processing involving controlled collection, drying, powdering, and extraction, followed by strict standardization using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to ensure safety and efficacy. Chemically, the plant contains glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and sterols, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological profile. Once properly standardized, Digitalis purpurea exhibits profound therapeutic applications, including cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, and emerging anticancer properties, alongside limited industrial uses such as ornamental horticulture. This article reviews the botanical source, cultivation, safety requirements, pharmaceutical processing, and diverse applications of this highly potent yet dual-natured crude drug.

Background: Menstrual hygiene is a fundamental aspect of women's health, yet remains poorly understood and heavily stigmatised, particularly among adolescent and young adult populations in low- and middle-income settings. This study investigates the level of awareness, prevailing practices, and perceived barriers to menstrual hygiene management (MHM) among young women aged 15–21 years.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 young women (schoolgirls and undergraduate students) using a pre-validated, structured questionnaire. Data was collected over a three-month period. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were employed to analyse associations between socio-demographic factors and MHM awareness.
Results: Only 54.3% of participants demonstrated adequate overall menstrual hygiene knowledge. Significant gaps were found in knowledge regarding safe pad-change frequency (47% correct), proper disposal (39% correct), and myths surrounding menstruation (41% correct). Urban residence (OR 2.14; 95% CI: 1.32–3.46), maternal education (OR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.10–3.18), and access to school health programmes (OR 3.02; 95% CI: 1.76–5.18) were significant predictors of adequate awareness.

Conclusion: There exists a critical, measurable gap between theoretical menstrual hygiene awareness and actual safe practice among young women. Structured pharmacy-led educational interventions, inclusive school health curricula, and accessible, affordable hygiene products are urgently needed.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a multi-purpose herb widely recognized for its medicinal and nutritional properties. This thesis explores the formulation of fenugreek seed powder into a standardized pharmaceutical dosage form, specifically focusing on capsule and tablet development. The study encompasses the extraction of bioactive markers such as trigonelline and diosgenin, pre-formulation studies, and quality control evaluation. Results Indicate that fenugreek seed powder possesses excellent mucoadhesive properties and therapeutic efficacy in lowering blood glucose and lipid levels.

This study examined teaching-learning approaches and challenges in teaching Mathematics and their influence on pupils' performance in elementary schools in the Municipality of Arakan, specifically in Arakan East, West, and North Districts. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, the study involved 300 Grade 3 to Grade 6 Mathematics teachers as respondents. Data were gathered through a validated survey questionnaire and analyzed using mean scores and Spearman's rho correlation. Results revealed a 'very high' level of difficulty in teaching-learning approaches (overall mean = 4.47) and a 'very high' level of challenges in teaching Mathematics (overall mean = 4.47), particularly in problem-solving, order of operations, lack of instructional materials, and students' weak foundational skills. Despite these challenges, pupils recorded a 'very high' level of performance in Mathematics (mean = 4.47). Correlation and regression analyses showed no statistically significant relationship or influence between teaching-learning approaches, teaching challenges, and pupils' performance, suggesting that other factors—such as student motivation, prior knowledge, and instructional quality—play more decisive roles in mathematical achievement. These findings underscore the need for learner-centered methodologies, enhanced instructional materials, ongoing professional development, and targeted remediation programs to strengthen foundational mathematics skills among elementary learners.

Cotton farming is one of the major agricultural occupations in Maharashtra and involves continuous exposure to cotton dust, pesticides, fertilizers and various environmental allergens. Prolonged contact with cotton dust may lead to occupational skin disorders, particularly eczema-like conditions. In Ayurveda, the clinical features of eczema can be correlated with Vicharchika, which is characterized by symptoms such as Kandu (itching), Pidaka (eruptions), Shyavata (discoloration), Rukshata (dryness) and Srava (discharge). Despite extensive involvement of farmers in cotton cultivation, limited data are available regarding the impact of cotton dust exposure on skin health in rural Maharashtra. The present pilot observational cross-sectional study was conducted to study the association between cotton dust exposure and the prevalence of Vicharchika (Eczema) among cotton farmers in Soygaon tehsil of Sambhajinagar district, Maharashtra. Participants actively engaged in cotton farming were selected through purposive sampling. Detailed occupational history, duration of exposure to cotton dust, clinical symptoms and dermatological findings suggestive of Vicharchika were recorded using a structured questionnaire and clinical assessment preform. Data were analysed using percentage and frequency distribution methods. A considerable number of cotton farmers exposed to cotton dust presented with symptoms such as itching, dryness, erythematous lesions and skin irritation suggestive of Vicharchika. Increased prevalence was observed among farmers with prolonged occupational exposure and inadequate use of protective measures. Continuous exposure to cotton dust appears to be an important occupational risk factor for the development of Vicharchika (Eczema) among cotton farmers. Early identification, preventive awareness and protective strategies may help reduce the burden of occupational skin disorders in the farming community.

This quantitative cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between cultural expectations and social isolation among Ghanaian retirees, with particular focus on how norms of elder respect, familial obligation, and communal living affect loneliness and psychological well-being after retirement. Drawing upon Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and the Cultural Determinants of Aging framework (Keith et al., 1994), the study surveyed 225 retired workers from public and private sector organisations across Accra, Kumasi, and Cape Coast. Participants completed validated instruments measuring perceived cultural expectations regarding elder integration, familial obligation fulfillment, loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale), and psychological well-being (GHQ-12). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and independent samples t-test. Results revealed that retirees who perceived a mismatch between cultural expectations of elder inclusion and their actual social experiences reported significantly higher levels of loneliness (r = 0.61, p < 0.01) and lower psychological well-being (r = -0.57, p < 0.01). Perceived cultural expectation mismatch uniquely predicted 41% of the variance in post-retirement social isolation after controlling for age, gender, living arrangement, and years since retirement. Retirees living alone reported significantly higher cultural expectation mismatch than those living with extended family (t = 5.21, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that cultural norms promising elder integration may paradoxically intensify social isolation when structural supports for those norms decline due to urbanisation, migration, and changing family structures. Recommendations include community-based interventions to bridge cultural expectations with lived realities, family education programmes, and policy reforms addressing elder social integration in contemporary Ghanaian society.

Conflicts have been since the beginning of human existence. In Nigeria conflicts have existed since the existence of human relations conflicts must come to play since human interaction is a continuous process. In Benue State the usual peace that hitherto existed is a situation of the past. Conflicts are affecting human existence negatively. The research study has Benue State, North Central Nigeria its main area of study using primary data, empirically the study tries to find out the nature of conflicts that exits in Benue State, determine factors responsible for these conflicts and to find out what effects these conflicts have on food security. The study reveals that the major type of conflicts that exist in Benue State is conflict of land by the Benue Farmers and Herders. The study also reveals that these conflicts have affected the production of food negatively. Among other recommendations the research study recommends proper demarcation and enforcement of boundaries. Orientation and re-orientation of citizens to enable them know and understand the effects of these conflicts on human existence.

This study was carried out mainly on the impact of perceived difficult concepts on students’ interest and Achievements in Physics in Secondary Schools in Benue state, Nigeria. Three research instruments were used for data collection. These include Physics Difficult Concepts Assessment Questionnaire (PDCAQ), Physics Interest Inventory (PII) and Physics Achievement Test (PAT). The population of the study was 120,780 SS3 students, which was made up of 72,468 males and 48, 312 females. A sample of 398 students from secondary schools in Benue State was drawn using Taro Yamane formula. Data collected was analyzed using means, standard deviation, linear regression and independent sample t-test statistics, The result of the analysis was supported with four hypotheses. The hypotheses that students perceive difficult concepts do not significantly affect male and female students’ achievement in Physics is rejected; the data suggests that perceived difficulty does have a significant impact on physics achievement, with male students out performing female students. The study concluded that difficult concepts in physics have impact on students’ interest and achievement. This therefore recommended that physics teachers should have more time on difficult concepts to enable students understand better.

Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from turmeric, has been widely studied for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its poor bioavailability and limited topical delivery have hindered its therapeutic potential. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel curcumin gel formulation that enhances bioavailability and targets delivery to the affected area. Our curcumin gel exhibits improved solubility, stability, and permeability, allowing for efficient absorption and retention inthe skin. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate its efficacy in reducing inflammation, promoting wound healing, and exhibiting anti-cancer properties. This topical formulation offers a promising solution for various health and cosmetic applications, including pain management, skin care, and anti- aging. With its enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery, curcumin gel has the potential to unlock the full therapeutic potential of curcumin, providing a natural and effective treatment option for a range of conditions.

Background: Awareness of regulatory bodies such as the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP) plays an important role in ensuring professional compliance, supporting career growth, and guiding effective practice among healthcare professionals. Despite its importance, there are limited validated tools available to measure such awareness.
Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate the NCAHP Awareness Questionnaire by examining its content validity and internal consistency. Methods: An initial set of ten items was created to cover key areas, including the purpose of regulation, professions governed, guidelines, career relevance, and strategies to improve awareness. The questionnaire was reviewed by 11 experts who were selected based on their postgraduate qualifications and at least five years of teaching experience. Each item was rated for relevance using a 4-point scale. The Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave) were calculated. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: The questionnaire demonstrated strong content validity, with I-CVI values ranging from 0.73 to 1.00 and an S-CVI/Ave of 0.891, indicating excellent overall validity. The Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.82, suggesting good internal consistency. Items related to regulatory purpose, career relevance, and inclusion in academic curricula showed particularly high agreement among experts. Conclusion: The NCAHP Awareness Questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for assessing awareness of NCAHP among healthcare professionals. It can be effectively used in research, curriculum planning, policy evaluation, and professional development initiatives.

Periodontal diseases—spanning from gingivitis to full-blown periodontitis— represent a persistent inflammatory challenge to the tooth's supporting architecture. While we know that microbial plaque accumulation serves as the primary catalyst, the stakes are high: left unmanaged, the resulting tissue degradation often ends in tooth loss. Current clinical standards rely heavily on mechanical interventions like scaling and root planing, often supplemented by synthetic antimicrobials. These methods generally work, yet they aren't without significant drawbacks. We frequently see patients struggle with side effects or simply fail to follow through with treatment. Perhaps more concerning is the rising tide of antimicrobial resistance, which threatens the long-term efficacy of these traditional agents. This bottleneck in care explains why researchers are shifting focus toward herbal formulations, seeking a management strategy that balances clinical potency with a better safety profile.

This study examined level of teacher preparedness and professional development for the effective integration of digital pedagogies in smart classrooms in public secondary schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised 67,213 teachers of junior and senior secondary schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The sample of 398 teachers were drawn using Taro Yamane formula while stratified sampling technique was used for sample distribution. A structured questionnaire titled “Teacher Preparedness and Digital Pedagogy Questionnaire (TPDPQ)” was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by experts in Educational Technology and Measurement and Evaluation, while measures of internal consistency reliability was established using Cronbach Alpha method which yielded an index of 0.76. Data was collected during the teachers’ verification exercise where all the teachers in Ebonyi State were in attendance. Data collected were analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer research questions, while t-test of independent sample was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated low levels of preparedness in terms of digital competence, and low utilisation of digital pedagogies due to inadequate professional development opportunities. The study further found that access to training programmes, institutional support, and availability of digital infrastructure significantly influenced teachers’ effectiveness in smart classroom environments. Based on these findings, recommendations and suggestions for further studies were made therein.

Water is an essential natural resource on earth which cater for all the human endeavor. Groundwater is the most essential and reliable source of fresh water in every part of the world including an area with an excessive amount of rainfall and plentiful surface water. The study analyzed the effect of rainfall in groundwater fluctuation of Sunsari district from 2001 A.D to 2017 A.D. The groundwater level data were collected from the GWRDB, Biratnagar and rainfall data from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Hattisar, Kathmandu and it was analyzed using statistical tools, correlation. In this study, we examined 8 wells from the district. The result of the study showed that the annual rainfall is decreasing in the Sunsari district from 2001 to 2017, but the decreases are not linearly. Also, when we studied the groundwater of 17 years, we found that the groundwater level of Amahibelha and Bhutaha has no such relationship with time (i.e. we concluded that there was no any such variation in groudwater level till 2017 in these two-study area). Similarly, we found that the groundwater level of Simariya and Holaiya was depleting during the 17 years interval. Also, we found the groundwater level of Kalabanjar, Dewanganj, Inaruwa and Bhokraha was not started to depleted till 2017 (i.e. these study areas showed recharge was dominating the depletion till 2017).

Software testing is a fundamental phase in the software development life cycle (SDLC) that ensures correctness, reliability, and performance of applications. Traditional manual testing approaches are time-consuming, error-prone, and inefficient for large-scale and complex software systems. To overcome these limitations, automated testing frameworks have become essential in modern software engineering practices.
This research presents the design and implementation of an automated testing framework using Tool Command Language (TCL). TCL is a lightweight scripting language widely used in automation, embedded systems, and network simulation environments due to its simplicity, extensibility, and fast execution capabilities. The proposed framework aims to automate test case execution, result validation, logging, and reporting with minimal human intervention.
The system is designed with modular components including test case manager, TCL execution engine, result validator, and report generator. The framework supports regression testing, functional testing, and system-level validation. It also enables reusable test scripts and scalable execution across different software environments.
Experimental evaluation shows that the TCL-based automation framework significantly reduces testing time and improves accuracy compared to manual testing. It also enhances consistency, repeatability, and resource efficiency.
However, challenges such as limited modern library support, scalability constraints, and integration complexity with advanced CI/CD pipelines remain. The study concludes that TCL-based automation frameworks are highly effective for embedded systems, simulation environments, and lightweight testing architectures.

Wireless communication technologies have transformed modern digital communication systems by enabling fast, flexible, and mobile connectivity across the globe. With the increasing number of internet users, smart devices, cloud computing applications, and Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures, traditional wireless systems are experiencing limitations related to bandwidth congestion, latency, spectrum scarcity, and security vulnerabilities. Emerging wireless technologies such as Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) and Mobile Wi-Fi (Mi-Fi) are being explored as potential solutions for overcoming these challenges and supporting future communication requirements. Li-Fi is a visible light communication technology that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for high-speed data transmission through light waves instead of radio frequencies. Mi-Fi, on the other hand, is a portable wireless hotspot technology that enables users to connect multiple devices to cellular internet networks through compact mobile routers. This research paper examines the operational principles, architecture, advantages, limitations, applications, and future scope of Li-Fi and Mi-Fi technologies. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate their performance in terms of speed, security, bandwidth, energy efficiency, cost, mobility, and implementation feasibility. The study also reviews recent literature to identify current developments and research gaps in both technologies. The findings indicate that Li-Fi offers significantly higher data transmission speeds, enhanced security, and reduced electromagnetic interference, making it suitable for hospitals, underwater communication, smart classrooms, and industrial automation. Conversely, Mi-Fi provides better mobility, ease of deployment, and broad network accessibility, particularly in remote and mobile environments. The paper concludes that both technologies are complementary rather than competitive and may coexist in future hybrid communication infrastructures. Integration with fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) networks, artificial intelligence, and IoT ecosystems will further enhance their capabilities and adoption across industries.

This study investigated the home learning environment, pupils' behavior, and academic performance of Grade II pupils across eleven public elementary schools in Kidapawan City District V. A descriptive-correlational design was employed with 100 elementary school teachers as respondents and proxy raters, selected through complete enumeration. A researcher-formulated survey questionnaire assessed the home learning environment across six dimensions — family support, facilities and materials, learning space, digital gadget usage, time management, and household support and discipline — and pupils' behavior across three dimensions: learning tasks, interaction with peers, and self-help tasks. Academic performance was measured through Mean Percentage Score (MPS). Weighted means, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis. Results revealed a generally positive home learning environment, with household support (M = 4.28) and facilities/materials (M = 4.25) as the strongest dimensions, and digital gadget usage the lowest (M = 3.85). Pupils exhibited positive behaviors across all domains, with self-help tasks highest (M = 4.26). Academic performance was high (MPS = 85.84). All six home learning environment dimensions and all three behavioral dimensions showed significant positive correlations with MPS at the 1% level (r = 0.460–0.594 and 0.591–0.873, respectively). Regression analyses confirmed that the home learning environment significantly predicts academic performance (R² = 0.462, F = 7.474, p = 0.000), with digital gadget usage as the strongest individual predictor (β = 0.352). Pupils' behavior was the most robust predictor model (R² = 0.764, F = 59.217, p = 0.000), with self-help tasks dominant (β = 0.863).

Malaria is a life-threatening vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and remains a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the five species infecting humans, Plasmodium falciparum is the most pathogenic and responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths. The disease is transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and presents with symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, fatigue, anemia, and severe complications including cerebral malaria and jaundice. The pathophysiology of malaria involves destruction of red blood cells, cytokine release, cytoadherence, and microvascular obstruction. Antimalarial therapy plays an essential role in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Atovaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone antiprotozoal agent, acts by inhibiting the mitochondrial electron transport chain of the parasite, thereby interfering with pyrimidine synthesis and DNA replication. The present article focuses on the preformulation, formulation, and evaluation of Atovaquone oral suspension. Preformulation studies included organoleptic properties, solubility, pKa, pH, partition coefficient, melting point determination, FTIR compatibility studies, UV spectrophotometric analysis, and stability studies. The formulation of suspension involved the use of excipients such as poloxamer 188, phospholipon 90H, glycerin, and purified water to improve stability and dispersibility. The prepared suspension was evaluated for sedimentation volume, viscosity, particle size, drug release, redispersibility, and zeta potential. The study highlights the importance of optimized formulation strategies in improving the stability, dissolution, and bioavailability of Atovaquone oral suspension for effective antimalarial therapy.

This quantitative study determined the level of English proficiency and teaching efficacy of elementary school teachers, and tested the significant relationship and influence between these variables in selected elementary schools across the municipalities of Carmen, Matalam, and Kabacan in the Third District of North Cotabato, Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design, 361 Grade 4 to Grade 6 teachers were surveyed through simple random sampling from a total population of 1,416. English proficiency was assessed through reading comprehension (M = 4.29, Moderately Proficient), vocabulary (M = 4.29, Moderately Proficient), and grammar (M = 3.91, Less Proficient). Teaching efficacy was measured through student engagement (WM = 4.15, Efficient), classroom management (WM = 4.12, Efficient), and instructional strategies (WM = 4.36, Highly Efficient). Spearman's rho correlation analysis revealed negligible to weak associations that were not statistically significant across all English proficiency-teaching efficacy combinations (all p > .05), indicating that observed relationships were statistically indistinguishable from random variation. Multiple linear regression analyses confirmed that English proficiency explained only 0.2% of variance in student engagement efficacy (R² = 0.002, F = 0.227, p = .877), 2.1% in classroom management efficacy (R² = 0.021, F = 2.532, p = .057), and 0.6% in instructional strategies efficacy (R² = 0.006, F = 0.669, p = .571). None of the overall models attained conventional statistical significance. These findings establish that English proficiency does not serve as a significant predictor of teachers' perceived teaching efficacy, and that interventions should prioritize pedagogical knowledge, instructional skills, and classroom management capability.

Engineers often encounter difficulties when building on or with Black Cotton soil because of its poor engineering performance, which includes high clay content, low strength and an inadequate bearing capacity. The need to find a stabilizing substance was prompted by the poor performance of BC soil. Conventional stabilizers like gravel, sand, cement are depleting and becoming expansive day by day. Therefore, it became imperative to search for alternative stabilizers that are both economical and environmental friendly. Lime, fly ash, and bioenzyme (Terrazyme) have recently shown effectiveness as stabilizing agents. In this paper, soil samples were evaluated using fly ash, lime, and bioenzymes. The results of the Compaction test, Consistency limit, California Bearing Ratio have all been examined and discussed. It has been noted that a notable improvement has occurred to engineering properties of B.C. soil with these stabilizers.

INTRODUCTION:
Lifestyle disorders such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, malnutrition, and digestive disturbances are increasing due to irregular diet, stress,irregular sleep, addictions and sedentary routines. Ayurveda describes similar conditions under Santarpanottha Vyadhis (diseases caused by over-nutrition) and offers holistic management through Ahara (diet), Vihara (lifestyle), and Rasayana (rejuvenative therapy). Ayurveda describes many lifestyle-related disorders such as Grahani (SM 36, EB-7) and emphasizes the importance of proper diet (Pathya–Apathya) and specific Ahara Kalpanas that should be followed in this disease. Ayurvedic nutraceuticals derived from functional foods and herbs help balance metabolism and prevent disease progression.
Methods:
A review of classical Ayurvedic texts was carried out to compile formulations traditionally indicated in lifestyle disorders. Formulations prescribed for conditions such as Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus), Medoroga (Dyslipidemia), Hridaya Roga (Cardiovascular Disorders), Grahani (irritable bowel syndrome), Shotha (Inflammatory Conditions), and Karshya (Under-nutrition) were identified. The selected preparations were categorized according to their Kalpana type—including Avaleha, Peya, Yavagu, Mantha, Saktu, Manda, Ksheerapaka, and Odana—along with their therapeutic indications.
Results:
Formulations such as Panchakoladi Peya, Arjunadi Siddha Ksheer, Kushavaleha, Chavyadi Saktu, Varahniryuha Yavagu, Mudgadi Yusha, and Ashwagandha Pak demonstrate diverse nutraceutical actions like Deepana-Pachana (enhancing digestion), Medohara (fat metabolism), Balya (strength-promoting), and Rasayana (rejuvenative) effects. Their bioactive constituents contribute to the management of metabolic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders by regulating Agni and restoring Dosha balance.
Discussion:
These formulations exemplify the Ayurvedic approach of using functional foods as preventive and therapeutic measures. The Ahara Kalpanas described for diseases caused by over-nutrition and under-nutrition are similar to modern nutraceutical science, as they focus on correcting metabolic imbalance and nourishing body tissues through diet.
Conclusion:
Ayurvedic nutraceutical formulations can serve as safe, natural, and sustainable interventions for lifestyle disorders. Scientific validation and standardization will further enhance their role in global preventive healthcare.

Women tourists face heightened safety risks in unfa- miliar environments due to the lack of real-time, location-aware safety intelligence. SafeRoute is a web-based platform designed to address this gap by integrating machine learning, geospatial visualization, and emergency response mechanisms to enhance the safety of women travelers. The system enables citizens to report safety incidents anonymously or with identification and employs an XGBoost-based classifier to predict crime-prone areas using historical incident data obtained from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) [1]. A pre-trained AI model detects and filters fake or misleading reports to ensure data integrity. Crime hotspots are dynamically visualized through an intensity- weighted heatmap rendered using the Leaflet.js mapping library and its Leaflet.heat plugin, where each district’s geographical coordinates are mapped against total crime volume to produce color-coded spatial overlays enabling tourists to identify high-risk zones and plan safer routes. A role-based dashboard architecture serves tourists, safety officers, and administrators with tailored interfaces for reporting, monitoring, and response. An integrated SOS module allows tourists to trigger real-time emergency alerts with automatic location sharing to nearby safety officers. Evaluation of the prediction model yielded an accuracy of 87.46% and an AUC of 0.9572, with macro-averaged precision, recall, and F1-score all at 0.87, demonstrating reliable performance across balanced class distributions. SafeRoute offers a scalable, data- driven solution to improve situational awareness and emergency responsiveness for women tourists.

The exponential growth and increasing complexity of 5G networks present significant operational challenges that traditional rule-based management systems struggle to handle effectively. However, many existing approaches do not adequately capture traffic uncertainty, which limits their ability to adapt in highly dynamic network environments. To address this, the study proposes an optimized 5G Network Entropy-Guided Cyber Twin architecture. The methodology centres on the application of Shannon entropy to quantify traffic uncertainty across temporal, spatial, and service dimensions. This was executed through a tripartite framework: first, a traffic entropy model was developed to provide a mathematical foundation for uncertainty quantification; second, a Cyber Twin environment was constructed to serve as a high-fidelity virtual replica of the 5G network for safe and efficient policy testing; and third, a Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) reinforcement learning agent was designed to incorporate these entropy measures directly into its reward function. This integration allows the agent to make adaptive, data-driven resource allocation decisions that account for underlying traffic variability. Together, these components enable the joint optimization of resource allocation, power consumption, and system latency. The proposed framework was evaluated using the DeepSlice dataset from Kaggle, which contains 63,167 samples representing realistic 5G traffic patterns across three slice types: eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. This dataset serves as the empirical basis for modeling and evaluation. Performance was evaluated against baseline methods, including conventional heuristic allocation and standard SAC without entropy integration. The results show that the proposed entropy-aware framework achieved a 98.64% URLLC compliance rate with a mean latency of 3.5 ms, yielding relative improvements of 30% to 91.6% across all slices compared to maximum QoS thresholds. Overall, this research developed an architecture that incorporates traffic entropy into the learning process, enhancing the adaptability and robustness of 5G resource management, providing a practical and scalable solution for real-time optimization in next-generation networks.

Through the perspective of the Mahabir Colliery tragedy, a major event in the mining sector, this study investigates the important features of mine safety. Emphasizing the need of strong safety measures, emergency preparedness, and efficient risk management, the study concentrates on the causes, effects, and response plans connected to the tragedy. This study seeks to help the continuing efforts to improve mining sector safety standards by examining the difficulties encountered during the rescue operation and the role of technical interventions.

1. Overview of Incident: On November 13, 1989, under Eastern Coalfields Limited in the Raniganj Coalfield, the Mahabir Colliery Disaster happened.
2. Characteristic of Occurrence: Mine flooding brought about major rescue operations.

Emphasizes how absolutely necessary strong safety regulations are in coal mining activities.
1. Implications for Mining Safety:
 Adherence to safety protocols is crucial.
 Emergency preparedness and regular training are essential.
 Continuous risk management in mining operations is necessary.
 Learning from the Disaster: The incident serves as a lesson for enhancing safety standards in the mining industry to protect miners' lives.

High Strength Concrete (HSC) is essential for modern infrastructure, but its high cement content contributes significantly to CO₂ emissions, while its inherent brittleness limits performance under tensile and flexural stresses. This study investigates the combined effect of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a supplementary cementitious material and Polypropylene Fibres (PPF) as crack-arresting reinforcement in M60 grade concrete. RHA is a sustainable, agriculturally derived pozzolanic material produced by controlled incineration of rice husks, an abundant agricultural waste in India. A control mix (100% cement) and four blended mixes with varying RHA replacements (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% by weight of cement) and constant polypropylene fibre content (0.5% by volume of concrete) were prepared. The water-cement ratio was kept constant at 0.30. Compressive strength was evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days on 150 mm cubes. Flexural strength was measured at 28 days on 100 × 100 × 500 mm beams under third-point loading. The results show that the optimum replacement level is 10% Rice Husk Ash with 0.5% Polypropylene Fibres. This mix achieved a 28-day compressive strength of 66.8 MPa (control: 55.2 MPa, +21.0%) and a flexural strength of 7.4 MPa (control: 6.1 MPa, +21.3%). Beyond 10% RHA, performance declined due to incomplete pozzolanic reaction and the porous nature of excess RHA particles. The study confirms that the combination of 10% rice husk ash and 0.5% polypropylene fibres produces M60 grade concrete that meets strength requirements and offers enhanced crack resistance.

This quantitative study evaluated the level of inclusive teaching strategies and their relationship and influence on kindergarten learning engagement in selected elementary schools across Antipas, Arakan North, Arakan East, Roxas Central, and Roxas South Districts of Cotabato Congressional District 2, Philippines for School Year 2023–2024. Using a descriptive-correlational design with full enumeration sampling, 66 kindergarten teachers served as respondents. Inclusive teaching strategies were assessed across contextualized teaching (WM = 4.59, Strongly Agree), differentiated instruction (WM = 4.65, Strongly Agree), and technology integration (WM = 4.58, Strongly Agree). Kindergarten learning engagement was measured through active participation (WM = 4.64, Highly Engaged), collaboration (WM = 4.62, Highly Engaged), and positive attitude (WM = 4.62, Highly Engaged). Pearson correlation analysis confirmed significant positive relationships between all three inclusive teaching strategy dimensions and all three engagement indicators, with differentiated instruction showing the strongest associations (r = 0.535–0.706). Multiple linear regression confirmed significant influences: inclusive teaching strategies explained 46.1% of the variance in active participation (F = 17.658, p = 0.000) and 59.5% in collaboration (F = 30.342, p = 0.000), with differentiated instruction as the strongest significant predictor in both models. For positive attitude, differentiated instruction was also the sole significant predictor (R² = 0.461, F = 17.658, p = 0.000). These findings affirm that differentiated instruction is the most powerful inclusive teaching strategy for enhancing kindergarten engagement across all dimensions, and that learner-centered, flexible teaching is essential for early childhood educational success.

The rapid growth of vehicular traffic in urban environments has significantly increased the demand for efficient parking management systems. Conventional parking systems, which rely on manual ticketing or postpaid billing methods, often result in long queues, inefficient space utilization, billing inaccuracies, and lack of transparency. These challenges lead to congestion, time wastage, and reduced operational efficiency, especially in high-density areas such as shopping malls, educational institutions, and residential complexes.
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Prepaid RFID-Based Smart Car Parking System developed using embedded systems technology. The proposed system aims to automate the entire parking process, including vehicle entry, slot allocation, billing, and exit, while minimizing human intervention. The system utilizes an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller as the central processing unit, along with dual RC522 RFID readers for contactless user authentication and prepaid transactions. Ultrasonic sensors (HC-SR04) are employed to detect real-time parking slot availability, and servo motors are used to automate entry and exit gate operations. A DS3231 Real-Time Clock (RTC) module ensures accurate tracking of parking duration, while a Micro SD card module is used for secure transaction logging.
The prepaid balance is stored in the microcontroller’s EEPROM, ensuring data persistence even during power failures. At the entry gate, the system verifies the RFID card, deducts the base parking fee, assigns an available slot, and opens the gate automatically. At the exit, the system calculates the total parking duration and deducts any additional charges if applicable. All transactions are recorded with timestamps for transparency and auditing purposes.
The proposed system operates entirely in offline mode, eliminating dependency on internet connectivity and reducing implementation costs. The developed prototype demonstrates high reliability, efficiency, and accuracy, making it suitable for deployment in small to medium-scale parking environments.

The trend of developing teaching-learning lessons and activities by focusing on learning methods that involve student participation and collaboration, as well as students' own autonomy in the learning process, has become a major teaching approach in ESL/ EFL education. With increasing focus on the learner-focussed approach to pedagogy in many policy documents, it is no surprise that in many ESL/EFL settings, the approach is not consistently applied. However, this is largely influenced by issues of teacher perception, reality in the classroom and institutionalisation. To bridge this, the current review of the literature conducted a systematic analysis of empirical studies that involved teachers' perceptions of SCL in English as a Second or Other Language (ESL/EFL) education focusing on the three areas of active learning, learner autonomy, and implementation factors that bring the technology of SCL into context. This study took a qualitative inductive research approach, using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology to aggregate evidence from peer-reviewed empirical studies from the Asian, South Asian and international ESL/EFL settings (between 2015 and 2026) that measured 62. Thematic analysis was used to access and discern similar conceptual and practical patterns from within the teacher experience, allowing data to be analysed. The results of this research formed five main issues: positive orientation of the teachers towards student centred learning, the concept of active learning as a language catalyst, tensions in fostering learner autonomy, institutional and contextual obstacles to implementation and transformation of teacher identity, professional readiness. This review showed that, to a large extent, the teachers agree to the approach that they should use which is learner centered and that this approach has positive effects on building communication competence and on acquiring an engaged learner, however the use of this approach in the classroom is limited due to factors such as learning dependency, examination focused systems, having a large class size, limited resources, and a lack of pedagogical support. Finally, the study found the conditions for successful implementation of student-centered learning in the ESL/EFL learning process are educational reform in the whole learning process which encompasses the condition of teacher development, the condition of scaffolding learning for student autonomy and the condition of institutional configuration.

This study assessed key meteorological variables in Lagos State, Nigeria, between 2020 and 2024, focusing on temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall. Secondary data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression to evaluate trends and interrelationships among variables. Descriptive statistics showed that the average temperature was 27.68°C, humidity averaged 81.65%, wind speed averaged 213.01 units, and rainfall occurred on approximately 52% of days. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative relationship between temperature and humidity (r = –0.45) and temperature and rainfall (r = –0.40), while humidity correlated positively with wind (r = 0.44) and rainfall (r = 0.45). Regression results showed the distinct seasonal patterns, with higher temperatures and lower humidity during the dry season, and cooler temperatures, higher humidity, and stronger winds during the wet season. Rainfall occurrence was positively associated with humidity and wind, while temperature exhibited an inverse relationship with both. Based on these findings, integration of meteorological monitoring into climate risk management strategies to strengthen early warning systems for extreme weather events, improve urban drainage infrastructure to manage seasonal rainfall, and provide climate-informed guidance for peri-urban agriculture is recommended. Additionally, public health interventions should consider temperature and humidity patterns to mitigate heat-related and vector-borne diseases.

Malaria is a major vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted through infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Among the human pathogenic species, Plasmodium falciparum is the most severe and responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths. The disease is characterized by symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, fatigue, jaundice, and severe complications including cerebral malaria. The malaria parasite undergoes a complex life cycle involving hepatic and erythrocytic stages in humans and sexual reproduction in mosquitoes. Antimalarial agents play a vital role in treatment and prevention, with quinine sulphate being an important drug especially in resistant malaria cases. Quinine acts by inhibiting the conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin inside the parasite, leading to parasite death.`
This document also describes the formulation and evaluation of quinine sulphate capsules. Preformulation studies including physicochemical characterization, compatibility studies, and optical analysis are essential for developing a stable and effective dosage form. Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using suitable excipients such as diluents, lubricants, disintegrants, and glidants to ensure proper drug release and stability. Various evaluation tests including weight variation, disintegration, dissolution, content uniformity, and stability studies are performed to ensure quality and therapeutic effectiveness. Proper packaging, labeling, and storage conditions are also important to maintain capsule stability and patient safety.

The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized molecular biology, transitioning genome editing from a complex laboratory procedure to a widely accessible tool. While somatic gene therapy focuses on treating non-hereditary diseases in existing patients, the prospect of human germline modification altering the DNA of embryos or gametes presents an unprecedented bioethical crossroads. Because these changes are inherited by future generations, the technology challenges fundamental concepts of human autonomy, biological safety, and social equity. This paper argues that the profound risks of permanent genetic error and the potential for a new form of technological eugenics necessitate a strict international regulatory framework and a precautionary approach to clinical applications (Baltimore et al., 2015; Lanphier et al., 2015).
A central ethical dilemma in germline editing is the impossibility of obtaining informed consent from the subjects of the procedure. In clinical medicine, the principle of autonomy ensures that individuals have the right to accept or refuse treatment. However, germline interventions are performed on future individuals who cannot voice their consent. Technical safety remains another significant barrier. Despite the precision of CRISPR, the risk of off-target effects unintended genetic mutations elsewhere in the genome poses a catastrophic threat.
Finally, the widespread adoption of germline editing threatens to exacerbate existing social inequalities. To prevent biotechnology from deepening social injustice, global governance must prioritize equitable access and ensure that scientific progress does not dismantle the principle of human equality. In conclusion, while CRISPR-Cas9 offers a powerful tool for eradicating hereditary diseases, its application to the human germline must be strictly regulated.

Malaria is a life threatening vector borne parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Primaquine phosphate is an important antimalarial drug used for the radical cure of Plasmodium vivax infections. The present work focuses on the pre formulation studies, formulation, and evaluation of primaquine phosphate tablets prepared by direct compression method. Physicochemical properties, compatibility studies, and optical characterisation of the drug were studied. Tablets were evaluated using pharmacopoeial tests including hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration, dissolution, assay, and stability studies. The results demonstrated that the prepared formulation complied with standard quality control parameters and showed satisfactory performance. This study highlights the importance of systematic pre formulation and evaluation in developing effective and stable primaquine phosphate tablet formulations.

TORSEMIDE belongs to pyridine-sulfonyl class of drugs. It works by which acts by inhibiting sodium and chloride reabsorption in the kidneys' loop of Henle, increasing urine production.. It has been classified as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug, which typically exhibits high permeability and poor solubility. TORSEMIDE has a slow dissolution rate, impacting its bioavailability. The objective of the work was to enhance the solubility prior to formulation. Solid dispersion as a dosage form has been established as a superior option for the drugs having poor aqueous solubility. The solid dispersion of TORSEMIDE was prepared with the polymer PEG 4000 using kneading method. The solid dispersion formulations were characterized by saturation solubility, melting point and evaluated for in vitro dissolution studies. The formulation prepared with TORSEMIDE and PEG 4000 in the ratio of 1:4 gives better solubility results when compared to the other ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The optimized batch exhibited a cumulative drug release of 74.47% within 60 minutes, which was significantly higher than that of the pure drug.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) and clinically significant anxiety (CSA) are among triggers of morbidity globally, and also contribute to heavy economic burden. These mental health issues are more common among immigrants and foreigners. In Nagasaki Prefecture Japan, the number of foreigners and immigrants has increased in recent years; however, their mental health conditions in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period have not been well assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of MDD and CSA among foreigners and immigrants living in Nagasaki Prefecture post- pandemic. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among non-Japanese residents living in Nagasaki Prefecture. Data were collected through both online and paper-based self-administered questionnaires, which included demographic information, validated scales to measure depression and anxiety, and variables related to potential risk factors. Statistical analyses consist of descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis using Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was performed. A total of 326 individuals participated, of whom 63.5% were single. The median and interquartile range were 1 and 4 for the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and 7 and 3 for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-6. The prevalence of MDD and CSA was 7.97% and 11.35%, respectively. Predictors of mental health outcomes include; age, stress at work, loss of loved one, experiences of sexual harassment, and socioeconomic conditions such as financial instability. Overall, the findings shows that non-Japanese residents living in Nagasaki Prefecture experienced increased mental health challenges in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic more than the general Japanese population. These findings highlight the importance of developing tailored mental health strategies to support this vulnerable population.

This quantitative study validated the dimensional structure of work–family balance (WFB) among female school heads in the Schools Division of Cotabato, Philippines. Building on qualitative findings from Phase 1 that identified four themes—Role Flexibility, Time Alignment, Stress Containment, and Family as a Strength for Work—a 39-item survey instrument was administered to 255 female school heads selected through stratified random sampling across three congressional districts. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity confirmed the appropriateness of the dataset for factor analysis (χ² = 4167, df = 741, p < .001). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using maximum likelihood extraction with varimax rotation revealed a four-factor structure with meaningful loadings across all factors. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) validated the model, retaining 37 of 39 items, all with statistically significant factor loadings (p < .001). Model fit indices indicated acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.0657; CFI = 0.808; TLI = 0.795). All four dimensions were rated Always: Role Flexibility (WM = 4.79), Stress Containment through Resolution (WM = 4.80), Family as a Strength for Work (WM = 4.72), and Time Alignment (WM = 4.65). These findings confirm that female school heads in Cotabato consistently and actively practice multidimensional work–family balance strategies, and that the validated four-factor model provides a robust, empirically grounded framework for measuring and understanding WFB in the Philippine school leadership context.

This study examined the influence of teachers' financial knowledge and financial attitude on their fiscal management success in public elementary and secondary schools in the Municipality of Banisilan, Cotabato, Philippines. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed, with 250 teachers selected through stratified sampling during School Year 2025–2026. Three validated instruments — adapted from Remis (2023) and Fulgencio (2020) — measured financial knowledge (general finance, personal financial management, savings and loans, insurance and investments), financial attitude (daily financial behavior, safety planning, financial management attitude, future financial capabilities), and fiscal management success (planning, review and approval, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, communication on how funds are used). Data were analyzed using weighted mean, Spearman rank-order correlation, and multiple linear regression. Teachers demonstrated high financial knowledge (overall mean: 4.23) and highly positive financial attitudes (overall mean: 4.32). Fiscal management success was highly successful across all dimensions (overall mean: 4.41). Spearman correlations confirmed statistically significant positive relationships between all financial knowledge dimensions and all fiscal management success indicators (all p < 0.01). Similarly, all financial attitude dimensions were significantly positively correlated with all fiscal management success indicators (all p < 0.01). Multiple regression revealed that knowledge in savings and loans (β > 0.300, p < 0.005) and insurance and investments (β > 0.138, p < 0.025) consistently and significantly predicted fiscal management success, while future financial capabilities was the sole attitude dimension significantly predicting all five success indicators (β range: 0.236–0.294, p < 0.01). These findings underscore the importance of applied financial knowledge and forward-looking financial attitudes as drivers of effective school fiscal management.

This quantitative study investigated the level of teachers' inclusive education practices and the effectiveness of inclusive education implementation, and tested their significant relationship and influence in the Central Elementary Schools of four districts in Matalam, Cotabato, Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design with complete enumeration, 90 elementary teachers from Matalam Central, North, South, and West Districts served as respondents. Inclusive education practices were assessed across curriculum adaptations (WM = 4.10, Practiced), teacher attitudes and competence (WM = 4.06, Practiced), and capacity building (WM = 3.97, Practiced), with an overall weighted mean of 4.06 (Practiced). Implementation effectiveness was rated Effective overall (WM = 3.69), with social inclusion and interaction highest (WM = 4.02, Effective), followed by resource allocation (WM = 3.69, Effective) and administrative and policy support (WM = 3.47, Effective). A significant moderate positive relationship was found between inclusive practices and implementation effectiveness (r = 0.47, p < .001). Correlation analysis revealed that teacher attitudes and competence significantly correlated with all three effectiveness dimensions, while curriculum adaptations and capacity building were significantly related to social inclusion and resource allocation but not to administrative support. Multiple regression confirmed significant predictors of implementation effectiveness: curriculum adaptations (β = 0.508, p = .001) and teacher attitudes and competence (β = 0.357, p = .003) positively and significantly predicted effectiveness, while capacity building showed a significant negative influence (β = −0.321, p = .024). The model explained 22% of the variance in effectiveness (R² = 0.22, F = 24.693, p < .001). These findings affirm curriculum adaptation and teacher attitudes as the twin pillars of effective inclusive education, while identifying current capacity building programs as requiring fundamental restructuring.

This quantitative study examined the extent of ICT capacitation of school heads and its relationship to and influence on instructional leadership effectiveness in Kidapawan City and Cotabato Division. Using a descriptive-correlation research design, data were gathered from school heads classified as ICT-capacitated and non-ICT-capacitated (non-capacitated) through validated survey instruments. ICT capacitation was measured across three dimensions: digital literacy (M=4.20, Capacitated), basic ICT skills (M=4.28, Highly Capacitated), and ICT training, access, and institutional support (M=4.20, Integrated). ICT integration for non-ICT-capacitated school heads was rated Highly Integrated (M=4.80). Instructional leadership effectiveness was measured across three goals: vision-setting and goal alignment (M=4.52, Highly Integrated), curriculum development and management (M=4.14, Integrated), and faculty development and professional growth (M=4.13, Integrated). Spearman rho correlations confirmed statistically significant relationships between ICT capacitation indicators and all three instructional leadership goals (p<.01). Multiple regression analyses revealed that ICT capacitation significantly influenced vision-setting and goal alignment (R²=0.681, F=193.849, p<.001), curriculum development and management (R²=0.510, F=94.535, p<.001), and faculty development and professional growth (R²=0.665, F=179.641, p<.001). ICT integration similarly significantly predicted vision-setting and goal alignment (R²=0.342, F=142.540, p<.001). Findings demonstrate that ICT capacitation is a critical predictor of instructional leadership effectiveness across all three goal domains, with ICT training, access, and institutional support emerging as the strongest individual predictor.

The efficiency of flexible pavements depends mainly on the engineering properties of base course material. One of the most common tests used for designing pavement thickness is the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test. The CBR test is costly and time-consuming. This research paper aims to study the relationship between the thickness of the base course material and various physical properties such as Los Angeles Abrasion (LAA), Aggregate Impact Value (AIV), Plasticity Index (PI), Maximum Dry Density (MDD), and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). Samples of twenty different materials for the base course were collected from different parts of Nepal and then tested in the laboratory following SSRBW 2016 and related IS codes. The relationship between the values of CBR and different physical properties was established using regression analysis. Additionally, the relationship between base course thickness and physical properties was also analyzed using regression analysis. Strong correlations were observed between CBR, LAA, AIV, and PI. The following regression model was developed for estimating the value of CBR:
CBR = 131.625 – 0.59(LAA) – 0.963(AIV) – 0.804(PI)
with an R² value of 0.881. Similarly, the relationship for predicting base course thickness was:
Thickness (cm) = -2.223 + 0.02(LAA) + 0.441(AIV) + 0.136(PI)
with an R² value of 0.76. The developed models can be used for preliminary estimation of CBR and pavement thickness, thereby reducing testing time and construction costs.

The digitalization of public services has become an important strategy for improving transparency, efficiency, and accountability in urban governance. In Nepal, the Electronic Building Permit System (EBPS) has been introduced in several municipalities to modernize the traditional paper-based building permit process. This study evaluates designers’ perceptions regarding the usability, functionality, efficiency, and responsiveness of the Electronic Building Permit System implemented in Tokha Municipality, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. A mixed-method research approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were collected through a structured five-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to registered designers including engineers, architects, and urban planners actively involved in the permit approval process. Qualitative information was obtained through focused group discussions with designers and municipal technical officials. Statistical tools including descriptive statistics, mean score analysis, Cronbach’s alpha reliability testing, Relative Importance Index (RII), and correlation analysis were applied for interpretation of findings.
The results reveal that designers generally possess a positive perception of the system. Real-time application tracking (RII = 0.899), user-friendly interface (RII = 0.893), and ease of navigation (RII = 0.890) emerged as the highest-ranked features. The system was also appreciated for reducing physical office visits, improving workflow management, and supporting faster permit processing. However, challenges remain in areas such as timely issue resolution (RII = 0.687), municipal responsiveness (RII = 0.740), and regular updating of building regulations (RII = 0.672). Correlation analysis indicated that system functionality and usability have the strongest influence on overall user experience.
The study concludes that EBPS has significantly improved transparency, accessibility, and efficiency within Tokha Municipality’s permit approval process. Nevertheless, continuous regulatory updates, stronger technical support systems, periodic capacity-building programs, and improved administrative responsiveness are necessary to ensure long-term sustainability and wider acceptance of the system. The findings contribute to the growing body of literature on e-governance and provide practical recommendations for municipalities in Nepal seeking to strengthen digital building permit systems.

This quantitative study determined the extent of character education, moral development, and pupils' well-being, and tested the significant relationships and influences between these variables among 265 Grade 6 teachers in the 2nd Congressional District of Cotabato (Magpet, Makilala, and President Roxas), Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. A descriptive-correlational design was used with complete enumeration sampling. Character education was assessed across importance, efficacy, and practice (WM = 3.54, Agree). Moral development was measured through autonomy care, community respect, and moral understanding (WM = 3.73, Agree). Pupils' well-being was examined through positive emotion, engagement, and relationship (WM = 3.95, Agree). Spearman rho analysis revealed that among all character education dimensions, only practice showed a significant relationship with relationship well-being (r = 0.215, p = 0.049). Among moral development dimensions, only community respect showed a significant relationship with engagement well-being (r = 0.220, p = 0.049). Regression analysis confirmed that character education significantly influenced relationship well-being (F = 1.455, p = 0.048; R² = 0.023), with only practice as the significant predictor (β = 0.153, p = 0.046). Among moral development dimensions, community respect significantly influenced engagement well-being (F = 2.118, p = 0.041; R² = 0.047, β = 0.188, p = 0.047). Character education and moral development did not significantly influence positive emotion. These findings affirm that practice-based character education and community respect are the critical nexus points connecting moral programs to pupils' well-being outcomes in rural Philippine elementary settings.

Background:
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, posture, and motor function due to damage to the developing brain. Children with cerebral palsy often require long-term rehabilitation, particularly physiotherapy, to improve their functional abilities and quality of life. Caregivers play a crucial role in the rehabilitation process, as they are responsible for supporting and continuing therapeutic activities at home. Therefore, evaluating caregiver satisfaction with physiotherapy services is important for assessing the quality and effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to assess the satisfaction level of caregivers regarding the physiotherapy treatment provided to children with cerebral palsy in rehabilitation centers of Dehradun city.
Methodology:
A survey-based study was conducted among 36 caregivers of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy who were regularly attending physiotherapy sessions either at rehabilitation centers or at home. Participants were selected using a convenient sampling technique. Caregivers who had accompanied their child for rehabilitation for at least one month were included in the study. Data were collected using the Caregiver Satisfaction Questionnaire for Cerebral Palsy Children (CSQCP), a 29-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates satisfaction across six domains: coordinated care, delivery of specific information about the child, respectful and supportive care, providing information, partnership, and treatment response. Each item was scored on a four-point scale, and the total score was converted into percentage values to determine satisfaction levels.
Results:
The findings of the study revealed that 69.44% of caregivers reported satisfaction levels between 80–100%, indicating satisfaction to a very great extent. Additionally, 27.77% reported satisfaction levels between 60–79%, while only 2.77% demonstrated satisfaction between 40–59%. No participants reported satisfaction levels below 40%. The results also showed that caregivers with higher educational levels generally demonstrated higher satisfaction percentages.
Conclusion:
The study concludes that the majority of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy in Dehradun city reported high satisfaction with physiotherapy services. These findings highlight the importance of effective communication, caregiver involvement, and family-centered rehabilitation approaches in improving caregiver satisfaction and supporting optimal outcomes in pediatric physiotherapy.

Background: Hemiplegic shoulder subluxation following acute stroke impairs rehabilitation outcomes. This study compared transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) as adjuncts to conventional physiotherapy on motor recovery assessed by CAHAI-7.
Methods: In this randomized, single-center, four-week trial, 30 participants with acute stroke and shoulder subluxation were assigned to either TENS (n=15) or FES (n=15) in addition to standard rehabilitation. The primary outcome was the Chinese-Adapted Activity of Daily Living in Hemiplegia (CAHAI-7). CAHAI-7 scores were measured at baseline and post-intervention.
Results: Within-group improvements were statistically significant for both groups (p<0.001). Group A (TENS) improved from 1.60 ± 0.51 to 4.60 ± 1.35, yielding an estimated change of ~3.00 points. Group B (FES) improved from 1.53 ± 0.52 to 3.87 ± 0.83, yielding an estimated change of ~2.34 points. No between-group statistical comparison was performed on the data presented herein, precluding formal claims of superiority.
Conclusions: Both TENS and FES as adjuncts to conventional rehabilitation produced meaningful within-group gains in CAHAI-7, suggesting potential benefits for upper-limb functional recovery after acute stroke with shoulder subluxation. Given the lack of between-group statistics in this dataset, no definitive inference regarding relative efficacy can be made. Future analyses should compute between-group differences in change scores with 95% CIs and effect sizes (e.g., Cohen’s d), and incorporate additional outcomes (pain, range of motion) and longer-term follow-up. Larger, multicenter randomized trials with blinded assessments are warranted to establish comparative effectiveness and inform clinical practice.

This quantitative study examined the level of adaptive learning technology (ALT) utilization and students' learning competencies, tested their significant relationships, and determined the predictive influence of ALT utilization on each competency domain among 300 elementary teachers from DepEd Central Elementary Schools in Tulunan, Mlang, and Matalam, Cotabato, Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design with complete enumeration, a self-developed, validated instrument (Cronbach's α = 0.956 and 0.955) was administered. ALT utilization was assessed across personalized instruction, mastery-based instruction, and personalized classroom management. Learning competencies were measured in communication/language skills, mathematical skills, class participation, individualized learning skills, and collaborative learning skills. All ALT dimensions were rated Highly Utilized (WM: 4.28–4.31). Learning competencies ranged from Very Satisfactory to Outstanding (WM: 3.84–4.29), with collaborative learning skills highest (WM = 4.29, Outstanding) and communication skills lowest (WM = 3.84, Very Satisfactory). Spearman rho analysis confirmed significant positive relationships between all ALT dimensions and all competency domains (p < .01), with correlations ranging from weak (r = 0.178 for communication skills) to moderately strong (r = 0.633 for class participation). Regression analysis confirmed that ALT significantly influences all learning competencies: personalized instruction significantly predicted communication skills (β = 0.339, t = 2.762, p = .006) and individualized learning skills (β = 0.372, t = 3.893, p < .001); mastery-based instruction predicted mathematical skills (β = 0.320, t = 2.752, p = .006), class participation (β = 0.345, t = 4.641, p < .001), individualized learning skills (β = 0.291, t = 2.906, p = .004), and collaborative learning skills (β = 0.316, t = 3.121, p = .002). Class participation showed the highest explained variance (R² = 0.570). These findings affirm that ALT is a significant but contextually moderated predictor of diverse student learning competencies.

The study examined the effect of maritime transport on real gross domestic product in Nigeria, 1980-2023. The objectives were to determine the effect of: i). crude oil, ii). dry bulk and iii). non-oil transport on real gross domestic product in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex-post factor research design. Data for the study were generated from National Bureau of statistics, central bank of Nigeria, Nigeria port authority Statistical Bulletins. The Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test was used to test for the stationarity of the variables. Based on the outcome of the bounced co integration test result, the auto distributed lag model estimation technique was adopted for the study. The findings of study revealed that crude oil transport is useful in achieving effective and efficient real gross domestic product. The study revealed that dry bulk transports represent the most common movement models and that the dry bulk transport is divided into major bulk transport (iron ore, coal and grain) and minor bulk transport (phosphate, bauxite, soya, rice, sugar, fertilizers, metal and minerals, steel products and forest products). The study observed that dry bulk transport is very impactful in improving the economic wellbeing of people in Nigeria. The study found that non-oil transportation in Nigeria contribute to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annually, injects values added to GDP, industry revenue and profits. Conclusively, the study has revealed that crude oil transport has positive and significant effect on real GDP, dry bulk transport has positive/ and insignificant effect on real GDP and non-oil transport has negative and insignificant effect on real GDP in Nigeria. Conclusively, it is evident that: Crude oil transport has positive and significant effect on Real Gross Domestic Product (t = 11.028 @ p0.000 <0.05); dry bulk transport has positive and insignificant effect on Real Gross Domestic Product (t = 1.903 @ p0.064>0.05); non-oil transport has negative and insignificant effect on Real Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria (t = -1.210@p0.234>0.05). The study therefore recommended that: Government should harness the effective and efficient use of the mixed-policy approach involving monetary, fiscal and trade policies to reduce import and encourage consumption of local products and motivate exporters to use non-oil and dry bulk transport thereby boosting the development of Nigeria economy. Government should throw its searchlight in the maritime sector with a view to creating the enabling environment for investments to thrive. Maritime transport has the capacity to take over from oil as a revenue earner

This quantitative study examined the level of school heads' instructional leadership and its relationship to and influence on teachers' teaching effectiveness in selected DepEd Central Elementary Schools in Mlang, Tulunan, and Matalam, Cotabato during School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design with a validated survey instrument, data were gathered from 300 teacher-respondents through complete enumeration. School heads' instructional leadership was assessed across four dimensions: instructional supervision (M=4.58, Strongly Agree), coaching (M=4.52, Strongly Agree), mentoring (M=4.50, Strongly Agree), and collaboration and teamwork (M=4.58, Strongly Agree). Teachers' teaching effectiveness was assessed across five dimensions: classroom management (M=4.52, Highly Effective), student learning outcomes (M=4.45, Highly Effective), knowledge of content (M=4.57, Highly Effective), delivery (M=4.61, Highly Effective), and assessment (M=4.59, Highly Effective). Spearman's Rho revealed highly significant positive correlations between all instructional leadership and teaching effectiveness dimensions (p=0.000). Multiple linear regression confirmed that coaching and collaboration and teamwork significantly predicted classroom management; coaching, mentoring, and collaboration significantly predicted student learning outcomes and knowledge of content; mentoring, supervision, and collaboration significantly predicted delivery and assessment — with coaching showing a statistically significant negative effect on assessment. Both null hypotheses are rejected. Findings affirm that instructional leadership is a critical predictor of teacher professional effectiveness, with mentoring and coaching emerging as the most consistent and powerful leadership mechanisms.

This quantitative study examined the level of teachers' scaffolding design skills and cognitive load regulation, and tested the relationship and influence between these variables among public school teachers in Arakan West, Arakan East, and Arakan North Districts, North Cotabato, Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design, 285 teachers were selected through random sampling from a total population of 405. Scaffolding design skills were assessed across structure, adaptability, and feedback support using an instrument adapted from Nickl et al. (2024) and Michalsky (2024; Cronbach's α = 0.93). Cognitive load regulation was measured across intrinsic load management, extraneous load control, and germane load enhancement using an adapted instrument from Seufert et al. (2024) and Evans et al. (2024; Cronbach's α = 0.91). Results revealed that scaffolding design skills were Highly Skilled overall (WM = 4.50), with adaptability and feedback support rated highest (WM = 4.51 each). Cognitive load regulation was Highly Regulated overall (WM = 4.51), with extraneous load control and germane load enhancement highest (WM = 4.52 each). Spearman rho analysis revealed that only adaptability showed a significant relationship with cognitive load regulation—specifically with germane load enhancement (r = 0.138, p = 0.016). Multiple regression confirmed that only adaptability significantly predicted germane load enhancement (β = 0.159, t = 2.786, p = 0.006; F = 2.735, R² = 0.026). Scaffolding design skills did not significantly influence intrinsic load management or extraneous load control. These findings affirm that teachers' flexibility in adjusting instruction to learner needs is the critical scaffold dimension connecting to meaningful cognitive processing.

This quantitative study examined the extent of early literacy instructional practices and the level of students' reading competencies, and determined the significant relationship and influence of instructional practices on reading outcomes among 300 Kindergarten to Grade 3 teachers from selected DepEd Central Elementary Schools in Tulunan, Mlang, and Matalam, Cotabato during School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered through a validated self-developed questionnaire with Cronbach's Alpha of 0.843. Early literacy instructional practices were assessed across six dimensions: explicit instruction (M=4.58, Highly Practiced), scaffolding (M=4.54, Highly Practiced), reading aloud (M=4.51, Highly Practiced), direct teaching (M=4.44, Highly Practiced), modelling (M=4.49, Highly Practiced), and guided reading (M=4.58, Highly Practiced). Students' reading competencies were rated across four dimensions: fluency (M=4.22, Independent), knowledge of the text (M=4.38, Independent), critical thinking (M=4.26, Independent), and vocabulary skills (M=4.32, Independent). Spearman rho correlations confirmed highly significant positive relationships between all six instructional practice dimensions and all four reading competency dimensions (p<.01). Multiple regression analyses revealed that reading aloud significantly predicted fluency (t=2.381, p=.018); direct teaching significantly predicted knowledge of the text (t=2.358, p=.019); explicit instruction, reading aloud, and modelling significantly predicted critical thinking (p<.01); and explicit instruction, reading aloud, and modelling significantly predicted vocabulary skills (p<.01). Findings affirm that early literacy instructional practices are significant predictors of student reading competencies in early grade classrooms.

This study investigated the impact of a home-based reading intervention program on the reading performance of Grade 4–6 pupils identified as frustration-level readers in selected elementary schools in the 2nd District of Cotabato during the academic year 2025–2026. Using a pre-test and post-test quantitative design, the study assessed 166 pupil-respondents across three school sites—Malangag Elementary School, Ma. Caridad Elementary School, and Makalanga S. Guiambangan Elementary School—in the municipalities of Antipas, Arakan, and President Roxas. The Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) served as the primary assessment instrument. Pre-test results revealed that the majority of pupils (85.32% in reading comprehension; 58.68% in oral reading) were classified at the frustration reading level. Following a six-week home-based reading intervention guided by a teacher-made handbook with active parental involvement, post-test results showed dramatic improvements: 55.98% of pupils attained the independent reading level in comprehension and 62.54% in oral reading. The overall mean score increased from 11.17 (Instructional) to 19.08 (Instructional, upper range), with all three reading components showing statistically significant gains. A paired samples t-test confirmed a statistically significant difference (t(165) = −30.88, p < .001), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. These findings demonstrate that structured parental involvement in home literacy activities significantly improves elementary pupils' reading achievement.

Background: Ayurveda, which forms the basis of AYUSH systems of medicine, employs phytochemical drugs/medicines, such as Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Neem (Azadirachta indica), and herbo-mineral drugs/medicines, e.g., Bhasmas, which are generated by processing minerals/metals, e.g., mica (Abhraka) and mercury (Parad). In the face of the threat of ethnobotanical erosion and toxicity facing modern science, databases are important to the solution of knowledge preservation, standardization, pharmacovigilance, and integration with modern science.
Methods: This review will review over 7,000 Indian medicinal plants and important minerals (mercury, gold, iron), the features, sources of the data and limitations of the databases with the help of narrative synthesis.
Results: IMPPAT (4,010 plants, 17,967 phytochemicals, ADMET predictions) and OSADHI (6,959 unique species, 27,440 phytochemicals, ML classification) are the important databases on plants that assist in drug discovery and therapeutic suitability. The identification and conservation is facilitated by the use of taxonomic tools such as WFO (1.6M names), IPNI (1.4M names), POWO (1.4M names), BSI (1,915 species), and Indian Medicinal Plants DB (7,263 names). Safety and processing Compositional and structural data on minerals is available in mineral databases like Rasa shastra Portal (79 metals, 45 texts), Mindat.org (300,000 entries), Web Mineral (4,714 species), and WWW-MINCRYST (5,000 entries). These are limited to data silos and partial herbo-mineral connectivity as well as access problems.
Conclusion: These databases augment Ayurvedic studies which have weaknesses of loss of biodiversity and regulation gaps. The next steps include AI/ blockchain to validate and open it further to develop sustainable AYUSH.

Collecting electricity utility meter readings can be a cumbersome process. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) offers an effective and economical solution for wirelessly transmitting energy consumption data. The primary goal of this project is to measure the electricity usage of home appliances and automate bill generation via IoT. Our energy grid system is designed to function in a distributed topology that can adaptively manage various energy sources. This approach is suitable for a range of smart grid applications, including distributed energy generation, consumption metering, and energy demand management.

This project focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a cold cream infused with natural sandalwood powder, a traditional ingredient renowned for its therapeutic properties in skincare. Cold creams have long been used as emollients to provide moisturization, protection against harsh weather conditions, and relief from dry and flaky skin. By incorporating sandalwood powder into the base formulation, the product is enriched with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cooling properties that enhance its efficacy beyond that of a conventional cold cream.
Sandalwood powder, derived from the heartwood of the sandal tree (Santalum album), has been widely recognized in Ayurvedic and cosmetic practices for its ability to soothe skin irritation, reduce acne and blemishes, even out skin tone, and impart a natural glow. Its subtle, calming fragrance adds a sensorial appeal to the formulation, promoting relaxation and mental well-being.
The formulation process involves the combination of aqueous and oily phases stabilized by emulsifying agents to produce a smooth, semi-solid cream with desirable consistency and spread ability. Key ingredients include emulsifying wax, white soft paraffin, mineral oil, borax, and distilled water, along with the sandalwood powder. The cream is subjected to various tests including pH, viscosity, spread ability, and stability studies to ensure it meets cosmetic standards.
The final product is a luxurious, non-greasy cold cream that delivers deep hydration, soothes inflammation, and supports the skin’s natural healing processes. Its formulation bridges the gap between traditional herbal remedies and modern skincare science, offering a holistic approach to skin nourishment. The use of sandalwood powder not only enhances the functional benefits of the cream but also appeals to consumers seeking natural and sustainable personal care products. This study emphasizes the potential of plant-based ingredients in enhancing the value and performance of everyday skincare formulations.

The positive effects of using natural medicines include its affordability, ease of access, and lack of side effects. The increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide is related to a number of metabolic illnesses and the worsening of global health issues. Pancreatic lipase is a crucial enzyme involved in the absorption of triglycerides in the small intestine, therefore inhibiting the absorption of dietary fat is a sensible target for treating obesity. It has been proposed that intestinal lipase inhibitors serve as anti-obesity medicines. Novel lipase inhibitors with few side effects have recently been the focus of increased research in natural resources. According to this perspective, the current study details the screening of an herb, Sesamum triphyllum, for its ability to prevent obesity. Ethanol extracts of four different parts (leaf, stem, root, and seed) of S. triphyllum were prepared and studied for their anti-obesity activity. Among the four crude extracts of the species, two extracts had strong anti-lipase activity (above 76%). Another two extracts demonstrated an inhibiting impact on pancreatic lipase of over 70%. These findings imply that preparing herbal extracts from the investigated plant parts will result in the production of potent anti-obesity medications. More research was necessary to ascertain the molecular mechanism and clinical effectiveness of this natural anti-obesity herb.

Fire sprinkler systems are essential fire protection mechanisms involving a water supply and distribution system connected to sprinklers. They are widely used in commercial buildings, factories, and increasingly in residential structures due to affordability. Each year, over 40 million sprinkler heads are installed globally, and systems that exclusively utilize sprinklers can suppress over 96% of fires. Sprinklers have been standard in the U.S. since 1874, particularly in industrial settings prone to devastating fires. Current regulations mandate their installation in new skyscrapers and basements over 75 feet where firefighter access is limited. Building codes require sprinklers in assembly occupancies exceeding 100 people and facilities like hotels and hospitals to qualify for funding. This project aims to create a simple fire sprinkler test setup, simulating real fire conditions to assess performance, radius, coverage area, and the necessary number of sprinklers for effective fire control, based on flow rate and pressure requirements.

In the chemical business, process safety is essential for guaranteeing safe operations and averting mishaps like harmful leaks and explosions. Eliminating and preventing process-related accidents are the primary goals. A methodical framework for implementing Process Safety Management (PSM) that may be tailored to companies in various phases of growth is proposed in this study. Four essential elements are involved in the implementation: introducing PSM, allocating PSM responsibilities, providing training, and carrying out audits. Risk assessments and process hazard analysis are important training components. Along with the significance of routine evaluations of the hazard assessment systems, the study also describes 14 components and techniques for preserving safety information, reacting to hazards, handling changes, looking into events, and educating staff in emergency responses.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a significant reform in the Indian education system and aims to transform higher education through multidisciplinary learning, skill development, research orientation, technological integration, and holistic educational advancement (Government of India, 2020). Legal education, being closely connected with democratic governance, constitutional values, and the administration of justice, is deeply influenced by the objectives of the policy. The quality of legal education directly shapes the competence, ethical standards, and professional responsibility of future legal professionals (Sathe, 2011).
This article critically examines the impact of NEP 2020 on legal education in India. It discusses major challenges within the existing legal education system, including excessive theoretical teaching, lack of practical exposure, weak research culture, shortage of qualified faculty, and inadequate technological integration (Law Commission of India, 2018). The article further analyzes how NEP 2020 seeks to address these concerns through interdisciplinary education, experiential learning, clinical legal education, digital learning, and promotion of research and innovation.
The study highlights that the policy has the potential to produce socially responsible, ethically conscious, technologically competent, and globally competitive legal professionals capable of addressing contemporary legal challenges such as cyber law, environmental governance, and human rights protection (Menon, 2006). However, effective implementation requires coordinated efforts from regulatory authorities, educational institutions, and policymakers, along with a strong commitment to constitutional values, inclusiveness, and academic excellence (Basu, 2015).

This quantitative study examined the levels of instructional practices and classroom management of Araling Panlipunan (AP) teachers and their relationship to and influence on students' behavior in eleven municipalities of Cotabato Province during School Year 2024–2025. Using a descriptive-correlation research design, data were gathered from 251 AP teachers selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments with high reliability (Cronbach's Alpha: .816, .888, and .846) were used to measure instructional practices (planning and teaching), classroom management (positive teacher-student relationships, proactive behavior management, and engagement strategies), and students' behavior (active participation, attentiveness, and cooperative learning). Statistical analyses included mean, Spearman rho correlation, and multiple linear regression. Results revealed that teachers highly practiced planning (M=4.57) and teaching (M=4.55) strategies, and highly managed teacher-student relationships (M=4.67), proactive behavior management (M=4.50), and engagement strategies (M=4.55). Students strongly agreed on demonstrating active participation (M=4.22), attentiveness (M=4.30), and cooperative learning (M=4.32). All instructional and classroom management variables showed highly significant correlations with students' behavior (p<.01). Multiple linear regression confirmed that teaching practices significantly predicted active participation; planning and teaching practices significantly predicted attentiveness and cooperative learning; and proactive behavior management and engagement strategies significantly predicted all three dimensions of students' behavior. Findings affirm that effective instructional practices and classroom management are critical predictors of positive student behavioral outcomes in AP classrooms.

The proliferation of deepfake media synthetic videos, images, and audio generated by deep learning models poses an escalating threat to information integrity, cybersecurity, and social trust. While numerous detection methods have been proposed, they often lack robustness against common distortions (compression, resizing, noise), adversarial attacks, and unseen generation techniques. This research paper presents a hybrid deep learning framework for robust deepfake detection that integrates complementary feature extractors: a Convolutional Neural Network (EfficientNet‑B4) for local texture artifacts, a Vision Transformer (ViT) for global spatial inconsistencies, and a temporal Long Short‑Term Memory (LSTM) network with attention to capture frame‑to‑frame anomalies. A multi‑head cross‑attention fusion module dynamically weights the contributions of each stream, and a novel frequency‑domain preprocessing block (Discrete Cosine Transform + Laplacian of Gaussian) enhances sensitivity to GAN‑specific periodic artifacts. The model is trained and evaluated on four benchmark datasets: FaceForensics++, Celeb‑DF, DeepFake Detection Challenge (DFDC), and the newly compiled WildDeepfake dataset. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model achieves state‑of‑the‑art performance: 99.1% accuracy on FaceForensics++ (c23), 97.8% on Celeb‑DF, 96.3% on DFDC, and 94.2% on WildDeepfake. Most importantly, the model exhibits strong robustness to JPEG compression (quality factor 50: only 3.2% accuracy drop), Gaussian noise (σ=0.1: 4.1% drop), and adversarial attacks (FGSM ε=0.01: 8.7% drop, compared to 22.5% for baseline Xception). Ablation studies confirm the contribution of each component. The paper discusses the trade‑off between accuracy and inference speed, generalisation across datasets, and practical deployment considerations. Future directions include self‑supervised pre‑training, real‑time detection on edge devices, and multi‑modal (audio‑visual) fusion.

This quantitative study investigated the level of teachers' indigenous knowledge and cultural skills and their relationship and influence on the implementation of the MATATAG Curriculum in selected public elementary schools across Arakan, Magpet, Makilala, Roxas, and Tulunan Districts, North Cotabato, Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design, 342 teachers were surveyed through complete enumeration. Indigenous knowledge was measured across five dimensions: Millennia of Observations, Temporal and Place-based, Living, Kinship, and Holistic. Cultural skills were assessed through Cultural Awareness, Cultural Sensitivity, and Cultural Communication. MATATAG Curriculum implementation was examined through Curriculum Design and Content, Teaching and Learning Enhancement, and Implementation and Support. Results showed that teachers' indigenous knowledge was Extensively Integrated overall (WM = 4.39), with Holistic highest (WM = 4.50). Cultural skills were Highly Proficient (WM = 4.47), with Cultural Sensitivity highest (WM = 4.52). MATATAG implementation was Highly Implemented (WM = 4.48). Holistic indigenous knowledge showed significant positive relationships with all three implementation dimensions. Cultural Communication was the only cultural skills dimension significantly related to and influencing all three implementation areas. Regression analysis confirmed Holistic as the dominant predictor across all implementation indicators, and Cultural Communication as the sole significant predictor of all cultural skills effects on implementation. These findings establish Holistic indigenous knowledge and Cultural Communication as the twin pillars of effective MATATAG Curriculum implementation in culturally diverse rural Philippine school settings.

Social media platforms generate massive volumes of user‑generated text, images, and videos daily, making them invaluable sources for understanding public opinion, brand perception, and emerging trends. Sentiment analysis – the automated detection of positive, negative, or neutral attitudes – is critical for applications ranging from market intelligence to political forecasting. Traditional machine learning approaches rely on hand‑crafted features and struggle with the informal, noisy, and context‑dependent nature of social media text (e.g., slang, emojis, sarcasm). This research paper presents a deep learning framework for sentiment analysis of Twitter and Reddit data using a hybrid architecture that combines a bidirectional Long Short‑Term Memory (Bi‑LSTM) network with a multi‑head self‑attention mechanism and a convolutional layer for n‑gram feature extraction. The model is trained and evaluated on three benchmark datasets: Sentiment140 (1.6 million tweets), SemEval‑2017 Task 4 (50,000 tweets), and a self‑collected Reddit dataset (200,000 comments). Extensive preprocessing includes emoji conversion, slang normalisation, and handling of user mentions/URLs. The proposed model achieves state‑of‑the‑art performance: 91.3% accuracy on Sentiment140, 89.7% on SemEval‑2017, and 88.4% on the Reddit dataset, outperforming baseline models such as logistic regression, LSTM, and BERT‑base (when computational constraints are considered). Ablation studies confirm the contribution of the attention mechanism and bidirectional architecture. The paper also discusses challenges such as sarcasm detection, multilingual content, and class imbalance, and proposes future directions including cross‑lingual transfer learning and emotion‑aware fine‑grained analysis.

This quantitative study investigated the level of teachers' resilience and work adjustment, and the significant relationship and influence between these variables among public school teachers in Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur, Philippines for School Year 2025–2026. Using a descriptive-correlational design, 250 teachers from five public secondary schools were surveyed through incidental sampling from a total population of 562. Teachers' resilience was assessed across six dimensions: adaptability, emotional intelligence, visionary thinking, spiritual intelligence, growth mindset, and internal ecosystem. Work adjustment was measured through achievement needs, comfort needs, altruism needs, safety needs, and autonomy needs, based on Dawis and Lofquist's Theory of Work Adjustment. All resilience dimensions were rated Agree (WM range: 3.44–4.15), with growth mindset emerging as the strongest (WM = 4.06). Work adjustment was also rated Agree across all dimensions (WM range: 3.52–3.92), with altruism needs highest (WM = 3.92). Spearman rho analysis confirmed highly significant relationships between all resilience dimensions and most work adjustment indicators (p < 0.001). Adaptability and Visionary showed the strongest positive correlations with achievement needs (r = 0.972 and r = 0.949, respectively). Multiple regression confirmed significant influences: Visionary significantly predicted achievement needs (t = 2.558, p = 0.011; R² = 0.770); Emotional Intelligence significantly predicted comfort needs (t = -2.171, p = 0.031; R² = 0.434) and autonomy needs (t = -4.981, p = 0.000; R² = 0.601); Adaptability and Emotional Intelligence significantly predicted altruism and safety needs. These findings affirm that resilience is a critical multidimensional predictor of teachers' work adjustment, with complex positive and negative interaction patterns that underscore the dynamic nature of professional resilience.

The increasing population in urban areas and the continuous reduction of available agricultural land have created a need for efficient farming methods that can produce fresh food in limited spaces. Traditional farming depends heavily on soil quality, weather conditions, and large water consumption, which makes it difficult to sustain in many urban locations. Hydroponics offers an alternative cultivation method where plants are grown without soil by supplying nutrients directly through water. When this technique is combined with a vertical structure, it becomes more suitable for city environments because more plants can be grown in a smaller area. This project focuses on the design and implementation of a Smart Vertical Hydroponic System for urban farming using IoT technology. The system is developed using a vertical PVC tower structure with net pots for plant placement and a recirculating water system for nutrient delivery. An ESP32 microcontroller is used as the main control unit due to its built-in Wi-Fi capability and compatibility with sensor-based applications.
To monitor important operating conditions, the system uses a TDS sensor for measuring nutrient concentration, a water flow sensor for checking circulation, a water level sensor for reservoir monitoring, and a DHT11 sensor for temperature and humidity measurement. The sensor readings are transmitted through MQTT protocol to a backend server and displayed on a web dashboard for real-time monitoring and control.
The system supports both manual and automatic operation. Basic safety features such as low water level shutdown, no-flow alert, and pump control logic are included to improve reliability. The proposed model is intended as a low-cost, practical, and scalable solution for homes, educational institutions, and small urban farming setups. It also demonstrates the effective use of IoT technology in modern agriculture.

In today's corporate world, work-life balance is a key issue for employees, particularly in the field of Information Technology (IT). Women in IT sector may be experiencing difficulties balancing work and family responsibilities because of workload, long hours and family responsibilities. The focus of the present study is to understand about the work-life balance of the women employees in IT industry of Hyderabad. The purpose of the study is to explore the level of satisfaction in personal and professional life, investigate if the employees have quality time with their families, to know the presence of workload related stress among employees.
A structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data using Google Forms. 150 responses were obtained and analysed with the assistance of SPSS tools that utilized percentage analysis and correlation analysis. The results show that the general satisfaction of the respondents towards their professional and personal life is good, while most respondents feel stressed because of workload and time pressure. The study finds that flexible working, supportive policies and good time management can enhance the work-life balance and thus the wellbeing of employees.

Urban flooding has become a recurring environmental challenge in rapidly expanding metropolitan areas, particularly in cities such as Chennai. Low-lying localities like Kallukuttai frequently experience water stagnation during heavy rainfall due to inadequate drainage systems, unplanned urban development and poor waste management. Such flooding not only disrupts daily life but also poses serious risks to household water quality and public health. This study examines the impact of urban flooding on drinking water quality and the occurrence of water-related illnesses among residents in the Kallukuttai region. The research adopts an empirical approach using a structured questionnaire distributed among households in the study area. The survey collects information on flood frequency, depth and duration of water stagnation, sources of drinking water, water storage and treatment practices and health problems experienced by residents following flood events. The study also assesses sanitation conditions, including sewage overflow and blocked drainage systems, which may contribute to water contamination. The findings aim to identify the relationship between flood exposure, water contamination, and the incidence of illnesses such as diarrhea, fever, and skin infections. Additionally, the study highlights residents’ coping strategies and their expectations regarding government intervention. By analysing these factors, the research seeks to provide practical recommendations for improving urban drainage infrastructure, ensuring safe drinking water, and enhancing public health preparedness in flood-prone urban communities.

Earthquakes cause significant damage to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings due to inadequate lateral load resistance and structural stiffness. In seismic regions, improving the lateral stability of buildings through structural strengthening techniques is essential to reduce structural damage and loss of life. Shear walls are widely recognized as an effective structural system for enhancing the seismic performance of multi-storey buildings. This study investigates the comparative seismic performance of a G+9 reinforced concrete building with and without shear walls using the Equivalent Static Method in ETABS software in accordance with the Nepal Building Code (NBC 105:2020). Two structural models were developed: a bare RC frame model and an RC frame model incorporating shear walls. The seismic behavior of the structures was evaluated using key response parameters including storey displacement, storey drift, storey shear, base shear, stiffness, time period, and overturning moment. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of shear walls significantly improves the seismic performance of the building. The model with shear walls showed a substantial reduction in lateral displacement (approx. 78%) and storey drift (approx. 19.35%) while increasing overall structural stiffness and base shear capacity. The fundamental time period of the structure was also reduced, indicating improved lateral rigidity.

Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer powerful tools for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of river morphology. This research focuses on the channel migration of the Yamuna River in North India, monitored from 1989 to 2022 using cloud-free Landsat images from the USGS. The analysis, conducted with Arc GIS 9.3, involved visualizing the satellite imagery and classifying it into water and non-water categories. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was utilized to quantify river migration over a 50.2 km stretch through 1004 transects at 50-meter intervals. Findings indicate that the net shoreline movement (NSM) for the left shoreline is a maximum of 1535.53 m eastward and 1013.51 m westward, while the right shoreline shows a maximum NSM of 1631.74 m east and 992.48 m west. The endpoint rate (EPR) for the left shoreline is highest at 46.62 m/year east and 30.77 m/year west, with the right shoreline showing a maximum EPR of 69.89 m/year east and 42.81 m/year west. Finally, the linear regression rate (LRR) indicates a maximum of 46.18 m/year eastward and 28.14 m/year westward for the left shoreline, while the right shoreline records a maximum LRR of 72.33 m/year east and 44.08 m/year west.

This study examined the relationship between students’ interest and their performance in Mathematics across the North-Central Zone of Nigeria. The research adopted a correlational survey design to determine the strength and direction of association between students’ interest and academic performance. A sample size of 1,200 senior secondary school students was used from seven states within the zone (Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, and the Federal Capital Territory—Abuja). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, linear and multiple regression, and ANOVA through SPSS version 27. Results revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) between students’ interest in Mathematics and their academic performance. The regression model indicated that students’ interest significantly predicted performance (β = 11.69, t = 25.82, p < 0.001) and accounted for 74% of the total variance (R² = 0.74). When gender and socioeconomic status were included, the model’s explanatory power improved slightly (Adjusted R² = 0.76). ANOVA showed significant differences in both students’ interest (F = 2.31, p = 0.031) and performance (F = 2.57, p = 0.019) across states. It was concluded that students’ interest is a strong determinant of Mathematics performance. The study recommends that teachers adopt more engaging pedagogical methods to sustain interest, while policymakers should design intervention programs that enhance motivation and support systems for Mathematics learners.

This study examines the attitudes of teachers and students towards the teaching and learning of mathematics in senior secondary schools in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Using a mixed-methods approach (survey with structured questionnaires and focused interviews), the study draws on a dataset (students n = 900; teachers n = 200) to show the typical patterns and statistical relationships commonly found in similar contexts. Results show that, on average, teachers report moderately positive attitudes (mean = 3.78 on a 1–5 Likert scale), while students’ attitudes are neutral-to-slightly positive (mean = 3.02). Teacher attitudes, teaching methods, availability of instructional resources, and students’ prior achievement significantly predict student attitudes and self-reported engagement in mathematics lessons. Gender and socioeconomic status moderate some relationships but explain relatively small proportions of variance. The paper concludes with pedagogical, policy and research recommendations to strengthen positive attitudes toward mathematics in the region.

This study examined the influence of entrepreneurship education on self-employment intentions among graduates of state universities in South-South Nigeria, with emphasis on the mediating roles of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial motivation. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to graduates from selected state universities in the region. The instrument was validated by experts, and its reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, which exceeded the acceptable threshold of 0.70. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analysis. The findings revealed that entrepreneurship education has a significant positive influence on self-employment intentions. The study further found that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial motivation significantly mediate this relationship, indicating partial mediation effects. This suggests that while entrepreneurship education directly influences graduates’ intentions, its impact is strengthened through increased confidence in entrepreneurial abilities and heightened motivation toward venture creation. The study concludes that entrepreneurship education alone is insufficient to drive self-employment intentions unless complemented by psychological factors such as self-efficacy and motivation. It therefore recommends the integration of experiential learning, mentorship programmes, and institutional support systems to enhance entrepreneurial outcomes. The study contributes to the growing body of literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing country context on the mechanisms through which entrepreneurship education influences entrepreneurial intentions.

Madhya Pradesh's Malwa region is home to Maach, a vibrant folk musical theatre culture. Since its establishment in the 18th century, it has evolved into an entertainment form that reflects the majestic heritage of the people of the Malwa region and incorporates elements of music, poetry, dialogue, cotillion, and liar. Traditionally performed during the Holi Festival, Maach entertains people in rural areas and provides a platform for expressing their artistic values. This paper examines a range of scholarly literature that sheds light on the literary roots of this performing art form, performance styles, and musical factors through a paper. This study examines the elaboration of Maach from its origins to the present day, featuring important ritualistic performance forms. It analyses the part of music, the use of language, and the use of dramatic rudiments in erecting the aesthetic identity of Maach. Likewise, it addresses how the form has continued to acclimate to contemporary subject matter while remaining faithful to its traditional culture and customs. The findings indicate that in addition to being a performing art form, Maach provides a sense of artistic memory, serves as a form of social notice/ commentary, and is a means of collaborative cultural expression. Maach has a veritably long history; still, it's floundering to survive within the moment's entertainment geography, because of the rise in both the number of entertainment options available and the added difficulty of training to be an artist. To cover and save Maach, it'll be necessary to validate how it's performed, to give further formal training(academic) for those who wish to share in Maach performances, and to give the coffers necessary to maintain Maach performances as an important part of artistic heritage.

Microgreen farming has emerged as an innovative and sustainable agricultural practice with strong entrepreneurial potential for youth. Due to rapid urbanization, increasing health consciousness, and growing demand for organic and nutrient-rich foods, microgreens have become a profitable niche market. This study examines microgreen farming as a startup business opportunity for young entrepreneurs, focusing on its economic viability, sustainability, employment potential, and challenges. The paper explores the role of technology, marketing, and government support in promoting youth-led microgreen enterprises. The findings indicate that microgreen farming requires low investment, limited land, and short cultivation cycles, making it suitable for startups and self-employment initiatives.

Work ethic encompasses the values, attitudes, and behaviours individuals bring to their work, including punctuality, diligence, initiative, and accountability (Cerasoli, Nicklin, & Ford, 2018). Yet whether these values differ systematically across generations and geographic settings in Ghana remains unexplored. This qualitative phenomenological study investigates how generational cohort (youths aged 18–35 vs. elders aged 50–70) and geographic setting (urban Accra vs. rural Eastern Region) influence work ethic values among Ghanaian workers. Drawing upon Generational Cohort Theory (Mannheim, 1952) and Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), the study recruited 32 participants (16 youth, 16 elders; 16 urban, 16 rural) through purposive and snowball sampling. Participants completed in-depth semi-structured interviews (60–90 minutes) exploring their understanding of punctuality, diligence, initiative, accountability, and the factors that shaped their work values. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), yielding six superordinate themes: (1) Punctuality as Moral Virtue vs. Flexible Guideline; (2) Diligence as Survival Necessity vs. Career Advancement Tool; (3) Initiative as Respectful Suggestion vs. Competitive Advantage; (4) The Elders' Lament: Declining Work Ethic Across Generations; (5) The Youth's Rebuttal: Changing Times, Different Expectations; and (6) The Urban-Rural Divide in Opportunity and Accountability. Findings reveal that elders across both settings define work ethic in absolute, moral terms rooted in post-colonial institution-building, while youth define work ethic in relational, conditional terms contingent on fair treatment and opportunity. Rural participants, regardless of age, demonstrate stronger traditional work ethic values than their urban counterparts, attributed to closer community monitoring and fewer alternative economic opportunities. Urban youth report the weakest attachment to traditional punctuality norms, viewing flexible arrival times as acceptable when productivity remains high. These findings inform human resource management, intergenerational workplace integration, and regionally differentiated policy approaches in Ghana.

This project focuses on the development of a 3D Building Information Modeling (BIM) model of a Multistorey green building, integrating sustainability principles with modern design and construction workflows. The 3D BIM model not only enhances design accuracy but also facilitates cost estimation using schedules in Revit software, Energy optimization, reducing construction waste and improving project efficiency. By merging BIM technology with sustainable design strategies, this project demonstrates an innovative approach to planning and executing modern multistorey green building that aligns with global sustainability goals.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common chronic degenerative joint disorders affecting the elderly population worldwide. It is characterized by progressive destruction of articular cartilage, narrowing of joint space, pain, stiffness, inflammation, and reduced mobility. The treatment of osteoarthritis mainly focuses on relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and improving joint function. Paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly prescribed medicines for symptomatic management. In pharmaceutical industries, quality control of these drugs is essential to ensure safety, efficacy, and consistency. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is considered one of the most reliable analytical techniques for estimation of these drugs in bulk and dosage forms. The present review article describes osteoarthritis, commonly used treatment drugs, and HPLC method development with validation according to ICH guidelines. Important parameters such as linearity, range, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, robustness, and final results are discussed in detail.

The interlocking concrete paver industry plays an important role in modern pavement construction due to its structural strength, modular construction, and ease of maintenance. In Nepal, the rapid growth of this sector has led to the introduction of Nepal Standard (NS 593) in 2021 to ensure quality control in paver manufacturing. However, limited research exists regarding the performance, market demand, and industrial challenges of NS-certified interlock pavers in Nepal.
The study employed a mixed research approach combining quantitative and qualitative analysis. Primary data were collected from 49 respondents, including 6 industry representatives, 29 engineers, 12 contractors, and 2 policy stakeholders, while secondary data were obtained from government reports, laboratory test results, and industry records.
Laboratory testing results indicate that NS-certified interlock pavers exhibit an average compressive strength of 41.74 MPa, exceeding the minimum NS standard requirement of 35 MPa.
Market analysis indicates a rapid growth in demand for interlock pavers, particularly 60 mm thickness blocks, which accounted for the majority of applications such as footpaths and community roads. Government demand remained high, reaching 857,991 m² in 2022 and 827,749 m² in 2023, while private sector demand increased significantly from 92,009 m² to 447,251 m² during the same period. Supply capacity also increased from 950,000 m² in 2022 to 1,275,000 m² in 2023, reflecting expanding industrial production.

The deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures due to aging, increased service loads, and environmental exposure necessitates effective strengthening solutions. This study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of externally bonded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) mats for enhancing the flexural and axial compressive performance of RC beams and columns. Nine RC beams (2300 mm × 150 mm × 230 mm) and nine RC short columns (700 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) were cast using M20 and M25 grade concrete, respectively, and Fe 500 steel reinforcement. The specimens were divided into three groups each: control specimens, specimens strengthened with a single layer of GFRP, and specimens strengthened with double layers of GFRP. Beams were tested under symmetrical two-point loading, while columns were subjected to axial compression using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Results indicate that GFRP strengthening significantly improved structural performance. For beams, the average ultimate load capacity increased by 15.44% for single-layer and 23.6% for double-layer GFRP compared to control beams. The cracking load increased by 13.21% and 26.10%, respectively, while mid-span deflection decreased by up to 44%. For columns, axial compressive strength increased by 16.31% for single-layer and 33.35% for double-layer GFRP wrapping, with a corresponding reduction in peak deflection by up to 33.8%. The study demonstrates that GFRP wrapping is an effective and efficient technique for strengthening RC structural elements, with double-layer application providing superior enhancement.

Nepal is not yet a vehicle manufacturing country. However, buses and trucks are built in the local workshops on imported chassis. The quality assurance regarding safety and convenience of that body building workshop is not well regulated by the concerned authorities.
The study focuses on the comparison of existing dimensions of local buses with bus body fabrication standards maintained by legal framework in Nepal. This study aims at analyzing the suitability of locally fabricated bus body used for public transport service in Kathmandu Ring Road.

Key Informant Interview was taken with DoTM engineers, workshop personnel, bus owners and drivers and conductors. Bus body fabrication workshops were visited to acquire data related to the fabrication procedure and other technical parameters. Technical parameters of locally fabricated bus body were compared with the prevailing legal standards in Nepal. In addition to this, a questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the comfort level of public transport service related to bus body parameters.

Data obtained from Key Informant Interview and field measurement were analyzed by using descriptive qualitative analysis. Also, the data collected from questionnaire survey was analyzed statistically to determine the comfort level.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish widely cultivated in Indonesian waters. Tilapia processing generates substantial byproduct waste, as only the flesh is typically utilized, leaving behind organs such as the head, bones, skin, and viscera. Tilapia viscera can be valorized as a source of fish oil. Fish oil is a fatty acid-rich product containing omega-3. Fish oil intended for human consumption must conform to food-grade standards through a multi-stage refining process. One critical stage in fish oil production is purification via bleaching. The bleaching process using bentonite aims to reduce free fatty acids and improve the color of the fish oil. This study aimed to determine the effect of bentonite concentration on the characteristics of tilapia fish oil and to identify the optimal concentration. An experimental laboratory method with a completely randomized design (CRD) was employed, using a single factor of varying bentonite concentrations (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) with three replications. Parameters evaluated included yield, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid (FFA) content, p-anisidine value (p-AV), clarity, TOTOX value, slip melting point, and organoleptic assessment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results showed that yield values ranged from 65% to 100%; PV ranged from 3.30 to 7.69 meq/kg; FFA ranged from 1.20% to 2.50%; slip melting point ranged from 31.65°C to 34.96°C; p-AV ranged from 4.47 to 10.35 meq/kg; TOTOX value ranged from 12.43 to 25.74 meq/kg; clarity ranged from 62.33% to 73.00%; and the organoleptic confidence interval was 8.05 < µ < 8.18.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of cement-based pozzolanic stabilization in improving the geotechnical properties of soft clay subgrade soils collected from Sanepa and Sankhamul in the Kathmandu Valley. These soils exhibit high plasticity, low bearing capacity, and poor California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values, making them unsuitable for direct use as pavement subgrade materials. Conventional construction practices in the region commonly involve soil replacement or lime stabilization; however, these approaches often result in increased construction costs, material transportation requirements, and environmental impacts.
To address this engineering problem, laboratory investigations were conducted by stabilizing the soils with Ordinary Portland Cement at proportions of 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% by dry weight of soil. The influence of cement stabilization on key geotechnical parameters including Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and swelling potential was evaluated under different curing durations.
The results indicate substantial improvement in the engineering behavior of the soils following cement stabilization. Regression analysis and three-dimensional response surface plots further illustrate the combined influence of cement dosage and curing period on strength development. The analysis indicates that cement contents between 6% and 8% provide the most efficient balance between strength improvement and material economy.
The findings highlight the technical feasibility of cement stabilization for improving soft clay subgrades in the Kathmandu Valley and contribute experimental data that may support the development of locally relevant design guidelines for stabilized road subgrades.

The interlocking concrete paver industry plays an important role in modern pavement construction due to its structural strength, modular construction, and ease of maintenance. In Nepal, the rapid growth of this sector has led to the introduction of Nepal Standard (NS 593) in 2021 to ensure quality control in paver manufacturing. However, limited research exists regarding the performance, market demand, and industrial challenges of NS-certified interlock pavers in Nepal.
The study employed a mixed research approach combining quantitative and qualitative analysis. Primary data were collected from 49 respondents, including 6 industry representatives, 29 engineers, 12 contractors, and 2 policy stakeholders, while secondary data were obtained from government reports, laboratory test results, and industry records.
Laboratory testing results indicate that NS-certified interlock pavers exhibit an average compressive strength of 41.74 MPa, exceeding the minimum NS standard requirement of 35 MPa.
Market analysis indicates a rapid growth in demand for interlock pavers, particularly 60 mm thickness blocks, which accounted for the majority of applications such as footpaths and community roads. Government demand remained high, reaching 857,991 m² in 2022 and 827,749 m² in 2023, while private sector demand increased significantly from 92,009 m² to 447,251 m² during the same period. Supply capacity also increased from 950,000 m² in 2022 to 1,275,000 m² in 2023, reflecting expanding industrial production.
The findings reveal that although the industry is still developing, NS certification has improved product strength and quality assurance, contributing to increasing market adoption. Nevertheless, challenges such as limited government support, high initial investment, quality control consistency, and low public awareness of certified products continue to restrict industry expansion.
The study concludes that NS-certified interlock pavers demonstrate superior compressive strength and increasing market demand, but improvements in durability perception, standard enforcement, and policy support are necessary to ensure sustainable industry growth in Nepal.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus secretion, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. The condition arises from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including allergens, infections, pollution, and lifestyle triggers. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of asthma, including its types, etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations. Special emphasis is given to the pharmacological management of asthma using antiasthmatic drugs, particularly bronchodilators. Salbutamol, a short-acting β₂-adrenergic agonist, is discussed in detail with respect to its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and side effects. The study further explores the preformulation parameters essential for developing effective inhalation dosage forms, such as particle size, solubility, and drug-excipient compatibility. Additionally, the formulation and manufacturing process of a salbutamol metered dose inhaler (MDI) is described, along with its components, working mechanism, and evaluation tests to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of optimized drug delivery systems in improving asthma management and patient outcomes.

The paper discusses a self-powered smart street lighting system that leverages hybrid energy harvesting from solar and wind sources, coupled with an adaptive control strategy. The design features dynamic load regulation based on motion sensing and environmental feedback to enhance energy efficiency. A mathematical model outlines the dynamics of generation, storage, and consumption. MATLAB/Simulink simulations under various climatic conditions show a 28–35% improvement in energy utilization efficiency compared to traditional solar-only systems, ensuring continuous operation. This scalable and cost-effective solution is ideal for both urban and remote smart applications.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped the landscape of higher education, offering transformative opportunities for enhancing student engagement and improving academic outcomes. Traditional educational models, often constrained by one-size-fits-all pedagogies, struggle to meet the diverse cognitive, emotional, and behavioral needs of modern learners. This thesis investigates how AI-driven smart classrooms, intelligent learning systems, and human–AI collaborative frameworks function as integrated catalysts for student engagement and academic success.
Adopting a conceptual-analytical and systems-oriented approach, this research synthesizes interdisciplinary literature across educational technology, data science, and cognitive learning theory. The study introduces a novel framework—the Human–AI Synergistic Engagement Model (HASEM)—which conceptualizes the dynamic interaction between students, instructors, and AI systems in adaptive learning ecosystems.
The analysis reveals that AI-enabled environments significantly enhance engagement through personalization, real-time feedback, predictive analytics, and adaptive content delivery. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of human–AI collaboration in preserving pedagogical empathy while leveraging computational efficiency. Ethical considerations, including data privacy, algorithmic bias, and digital equity, are critically examined.
The findings contribute to theoretical advancement and practical implementation strategies, offering a scalable roadmap for higher education institutions aiming to integrate AI responsibly and effectively.
The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to higher education. This paper aims to explore how artificial intelligence technology empowers teaching mode innovation in higher education and analyzes the pathways and influencing factors for improving teaching quality. The research adopts theoretical analysis, literature review, and comparative research methods to examine the current status and trends of artificial intelligence applications in higher education. The study finds that artificial intelligence demonstrates powerful empowering effects in personalized learning support, intelligent tutoring and Q&A, automated teaching assessment, and course content optimization, significantly improving teaching efficiency and learning experience, while also being accompanied by risks such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and academic ethics. This paper constructs an analytical framework for artificial intelligence empowering teaching mode innovation and quality enhancement in higher education, and proposes forward-looking insights for future research directions, providing theoretical reference and practical enlightenment for the digital transformation of higher education institutions.

This study investigated the comparative effects of problem-based, inquiry-based and lecture instructional strategies on Biology students’ retention in Delta State. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted the pre-test, post-test, planned variation quasi-experimental design. The population comprised 40,629 second year secondary school students (SS II) from public senior secondary schools in Delta State. The sample size comprised 318 SS II Biology students. The research instrument used for the study was the Biology Achievement Test (BAT). The face validity of the instrument, Biology Achievement Test, was done by three experts. The content validity was done with a table of specifications. The reliability of the instrument was done to determine its measure of internal consistency using KR20. The statistics that were employed for data analysis and testing of the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance were mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, paired sample t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings obtained in the study include that there is a significant effect of problem-based, inquiry-based and lecture instructional strategies on biology students’ retention scores; and that there is a significant difference in mean Biology retention scores among students taught with problem-based, inquiry-based and lecture instructional strategies; the study also found that there is no significant difference in mean Biology retention scores between male and female students taught with problem-based, inquiry-based and lecture instructional strategies; and that there is no significant effect of interaction between sex and method of instruction on Biology students’ retention. It was recommended, amongst other things, that curriculum planners and school administrators should prioritize the adoption of problem-based and inquiry-based instructional strategies in Biology classrooms to enhance students’ retention.

This study examined the relationship between parenting responsibilities and marital conflicts among married civil servants in Delta State. One research question and one null hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted the correlational research design. The population of the study comprised 29,383 married civil servants in Delta State. The study's sample consisted of 1,023 married civil servants in Delta State, representing 3.48% of the total population. The selection of participants followed a multi-stage sampling procedure, ensuring representation across all local government areas in Delta State. The instrument that was used to collect data for this study is a questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the instrument were established and adjudged to be adequate. In analysing the data, the research question was answered with the aid of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient of determination. Linear regression was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between parenting responsibilities and marital conflict among married civil servants in Delta State. The study recommended amongst others, that married civil servants should learn to share parenting duties more equally and support one another in raising their children.

Background: The isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from food-grade plant sources requires efficient, reproducible protein extraction and comprehensive chromatographic characterization as mandatory first steps. Acetone precipitation selectively precipitates proteins while removing interfering pigments and lipids; reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) provides chromatographic resolution of protein and peptide components by hydrophobicity, enabling tentative identification of AMP-class fractions prior to mass spectrometric sequencing.
Methods: Eleven food-grade plant samples (S1–S11) were processed by cold Tris-HCl buffer homogenization and acetone precipitation (−20°C, 3–4 volumes, 2–4 hours). Total soluble protein was quantified by Bradford assay validated against a BSA standard curve (0–100 µg/mL). Protein purity was assessed by NanoDrop UV–Visible spectral scanning (200–800 nm; A260/A280 ratio). RP-HPLC was performed on a Waters XBridge C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm) using a 0.1% TFA/acetonitrile gradient (5–60% B over 40 minutes) with detection at 214 nm and 280 nm to characterize protein/peptide profiles and identify AMP-candidate fractions.
Results: Bradford assay demonstrated a highly linear BSA calibration curve (y = 0.0064x − 0.004; R² = 0.993). Protein concentrations ranged from 19.7 µg/mL (S8, Pearl millet) to 86.4 µg/mL (S4, Black pepper). NanoDrop A260/A280 ratios (0.60–0.78) confirmed acceptable to moderate protein purity. RP-HPLC profiles of all eleven samples revealed 3–6 resolved peaks per sample; candidate AMP fractions (retention time 20–35 min; estimated MW 3–9 kDa; characteristic A280/A214 ratios) were identified in all eleven samples. Black pepper (S4) and Guava (S11) produced the highest AMP-zone peak areas (634.8 and 846.9 mAU·min respectively), correlating strongly with their highest antimicrobial activities. S4 candidate AMP peaks (P4: RT 23.8 min; P5: RT 31.4 min) were consistent with plant defensin/thionin and LTP structural classes based on retention time, estimated molecular weight (4–9 kDa), and A280/A214 ratio profiles.
Conclusion: The integrated platform of acetone precipitation, Bradford quantification, NanoDrop purity assessment, and RP-HPLC chromatographic profiling provides a comprehensive and analytically validated characterization system for plant protein extracts intended for AMP isolation. Black pepper (S4), Guava (S11), and Peas (S7) are designated primary AMP isolation candidates based on combined protein yield, purity, and RP-HPLC AMP-zone peak area evidence. The RP-HPLC fingerprint data provide the first comparative chromatographic AMP candidacy assessment for this diverse panel of food-grade Indian plant sources.

Emotion-aware journaling applications typically present classifier outputs as categorical fact, disregarding prediction confidence—a pattern we term emotion mirroring. This paper proposes epistemically grounded emotional analytics, a framework that treats classifier outputs as uncertain signals requiring calibration. The framework comprises: (1) confidence-weighted aggregation, scaling emotion scores by the model’s certainty before computing distributional summaries; (2) Shannon entropy-based diversity measurement for emotional range; and (3) rolling baseline comparison that contextualizes weekly states against 30-day personal history. We implement this within a React Native and Django REST mobile application using the j-hartmann/emotion-english-distilroberta-base transformer for seven-category detection. A controlled simulation demonstrates that confidence-weighted aggregation reduces distributional error by 18.7% (Jensen–Shannon divergence) compared to naive averaging when detection confidence is heterogeneous. Preliminary pilot deployment confirms coherent analytical outputs under real usage conditions.

The study was conducted to examine the influence of content marketing on customer patronage of fast moving consumer goods firms in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The objective was to examine the influence of content strategy, content creation and content distribution on customer patronage of fast moving consumer goods firms in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A cross-survey research design was adopted for the study. The population was treated as infinite and a sample size of 384 was determined using infinite sampling technique and the sample was selected using the simple random technique. Data were collected using the questionnaire and were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. Findings indicated that content strategy, content creation and content distribution have statistically significant influence on customer patronage of fast moving consumer goods firms in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria( R2 ..850,.907, .984, Beta - .928, 1.020, .990 and P-0.05 (P>0.05)). It was concluded that content strategy, content creation and content distribution have significant influence on customer patronage of fast moving consumer goods firms in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Therefore, it was recommended that FMCG firms should invest in detailed market research to tailor content strategies that resonate with Nigerian consumers' preferences, cultural nuances, and purchasing behaviors.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of human resource analytics on the success of telecommunication companies in Nigeria. Anchored in the human resource management and organizational performance framework, human resource analytics was operationalized through talent acquisition analytics, learning and development analytics, and engagement and retention analytics, while successwas measured using quality of service and employee retention. A survey research design was adopted, and primary data were obtained from employees of four telecommunication companies operating in Akwa Ibom State through a structured questionnaire. Taro Yamane’s formula for sample size determination was used to obtain 250 respondents out of 520 employees. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize respondents' demographic characteristics. Inferential statistics such as simple linear regression was applied to examine the direct effect of human resource analytics on the success of telecommunication companies, while regression analysis was used to evaluate the moderating effect of data literacy of human resource (HR) professionals on this relationship. The results indicated that human resource analytics variables have significant positive effect on success dimensions in the telecommunication companies. The findings further shows that the data literacy of HR professionals strengthens the relationship between human resource analytics and the success of telecommunication companies. It is concluded that effective utilization of human resource analytics, supported by strong HR data literacy, enhances success in telecommunication companies It was recommended among other things that Telecommunication companies should institutionalize the use of talent acquisition analytics in recruitment processes to ensure that employees hired possess not only technical competence but also customer-service orientation and that the companies should invest deliberately in building the data literacy and analytical competence of HR professionals through continuous training, certifications, and exposure to analytics tools.

Background: The escalating incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-borne pathogens and the growing consumer preference for clean-label, naturally preserved food products have catalyzed the search for plant-derived bio-preservative agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and bioactive protein fractions from food-grade plant sources represent a promising, safe, and resistance-minimizing alternative to synthetic chemical preservatives.
Methods: Aqueous extracts were prepared from ten food-grade plant samples Cinnamon (SP1), Nutmeg (SP2), Clove (SP3), Black pepper (SP4), Sorghum (S1), Kidney beans (L1), Peas (L2), and Pearl millet (PM1) — at a standardized concentration of 100 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against six food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria — Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp., and Bacillus sp. — using the agar well diffusion method (Zone of Inhibition, ZOI in mm) and broth microdilution Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC, mg/mL) assay.
Results: Clove (SP3) and Black pepper (SP4) demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity, with ZOI values of 14–18 mm and 13–17 mm respectively against all six test organisms, and MIC values as low as 6.25 mg/mL. Pearl millet (PM1) and Cinnamon (SP1) exhibited moderate activity (ZOI: 9–13 mm; MIC: 12.5–25 mg/mL). Gram-positive bacteria were generally more susceptible than Gram-negative organisms. Kidney beans (L1) and Sorghum (S1) showed the lowest activity (ZOI: 6–10 mm; MIC: 50–100 mg/mL).
Conclusion: The aqueous extracts of Clove, Black pepper, and Pearl millet demonstrate significant antimicrobial potential against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, supporting their candidacy as sources of natural bio-preservative peptides. These findings provide a strong empirical foundation for the subsequent isolation and characterization of antimicrobial peptide fractions from these priority plant sources.

The phytochemical profiles for alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids are the same in all solvent extracts of respective plant species. The crude drugs which possess phytochemicals are evidenced in phytochemical analysis and the potential drug samples and revealed by local ethnic people were selected for antimicrobial studies. The micromolecules play an important role in plant species defence against herbivores, pathogenic microorganism, to combat environmental stress, fire, etc. These plant components have been used as drugs for millennia. Therefore, the screening for phytochemicals serves as the initial step in predicting the types of potentially bioactive compounds. The phytochemical profile revealed the therapeutic potential of crude drugs and also supports the folk claims. Further, the purification and characterization of active principles is being carried out in the laboratory to understand the molecular basis of pharmacological property of the crude drugs.

This study looks at how customers in Pune, prefer digital banking over traditional banking, especially with the fast changes in technology. The goal is to understand the advantages, how often people use these services, and how satisfied they are with them. It also checks how much age, income, education, and job affect their choices.
The research used a descriptive and quantitative method.
Data was collected from 100 people through a questionnaire using convenience sampling. The data was analysed with statistical tools like percentages, averages, tables, charts, and chi-square tests over three months.
The results show that more people are choosing digital banking, especially younger, better-educated, and salaried individuals.
They like it because it’s convenient, easy to access, and saves time. But traditional banking is still important for older customers and those not very tech-savvy. These people appreciate face-to-face interactions and feel traditional banking is safer. Security and privacy issues are still big concerns that stop some from fully using digital banking.
The study finds that both digital and traditional banking are still important because they serve different customer needs.
It suggests that banks should improve digital security, raise awareness, and find a good balance between new technology and personal service to make customers happier and encourage more people to use digital banking.

This paper reinterprets Surpanakha in Lanka’s Princess by Kavita Kane by challenging her conventional portrayal as a “rakshasi” and repositioning her as a complex figure shaped by identity, voice, and resistance. Traditionally reduced to a grotesque antagonist within the Ramayana narrative, Surpanakha is reclaimed in this text as a woman negotiating power, desire, and marginalisation. Through a feminist and postcolonial lens, the study examines how Kane reconstructs Surpanakha’s subjectivity, foregrounding her emotional depth and agency against patriarchal and hegemonic frameworks. The analysis explores how her silenced voice is restored, allowing her to articulate her experiences of rejection, humiliation, and defiance. Furthermore, the paper situates Surpanakha within broader discourses of otherness, where her demonisation reflects cultural anxieties about female autonomy and transgressive identity. By interrogating dominant narratives, this reinterpretation exposes the politics of representation embedded in mythological storytelling. Ultimately, the paper argues that Surpanakha emerges not as a mere symbol of monstrosity but as a figure of resistance who challenges normative constructions of femininity and power. This reading contributes to a larger project of reclaiming marginalised voices in myth and literature.

Ice cream cones are widely consumed as complementary edible containers for gelato and other ice cream products. Fortification with nanocalcium flour derived from blue swimming crab shells represents a potential strategy for improving the calcium content of ice cream cones while valorizing fisheries by-products. This study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of blue swimming crab shell nanocalcium flour on the calcium content and physical characteristics of ice cream cones. A laboratory experimental method was applied using a completely randomized design with four levels of nanocalcium flour addition: 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9%. Parametric data, including moisture content, calcium content, hardness, and resistance to ice cream, were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the honestly significant difference (HSD) test when significant differences were detected. Non-parametric data from the hedonic test were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney test where appropriate. The results showed that nanocalcium flour addition significantly affected (p < 0.05) the calcium content and physical characteristics of ice cream cones. The 9% nanocalcium flour treatment was identified as the best formulation based on moisture content, calcium content, hardness, and resistance to ice cream, with values of 2.46 ± 0.32%, 0.85 ± 0.07%, 2081.63 ± 76.72 gf, and 47.33 ± 1.53 min, respectively. The hedonic acceptance of the 9% treatment ranged from 3.64 < μ < 3.88, with scores of 3.73 ± 0.58 for appearance, 3.80 ± 0.61 for aroma, 3.67 ± 0.48 for taste, and 3.83 ± 0.53 for texture. These findings indicate that blue swimming crab shell nanocalcium flour can be used as a functional fortificant to improve the calcium content and physical performance of ice cream cones.

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are now widely used in many industrial and domestic applications due to their significant advantages in terms of size, weight, torque and efficiency against any other type of motor. Most of the domestic appliances including refrigerators, fans and washing machines use BLDC motors in them. Moreover, photovoltaic (PV) inverters are being installed in more houses than ever which in-turn make BLDC motors more suitable in home appliances and can be seen as imminent future. However, PV due to its inherent nature is intermittent in its operation and requires an efficient DC-DC converter to control its output for its smooth operation. This paper proposes a bridgeless single switch single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) converter which serves as a better alternative to Buck-Boost and Cuk converter as it eliminates use of diode bridge rectifier at front end and thus lowers the conduction loss. A closed loop speed control technique is also introduced for control of BLDC motor to make it more practical for various applications and is verified using MATLAB/Simulink and a hardware prototype using Arduino. Results obtained from software and hardware prove the usefulness of the proposed scheme.
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are now widely used in many industrial and domestic applications due to their significant advantages in terms of size, weight, torque and efficiency against any other type of motor. Most of the domestic appliances including refrigerators, fans and washing machines use BLDC motors in them. Moreover, photovoltaic (PV) inverters are being installed in more houses than ever which in-turn make BLDC motors more suitable in home appliances and can be seen as imminent future. However, PV due to its inherent nature is intermittent in its operation and requires an efficient DC-DC converter to control its output for its smooth operation. This paper proposes a bridgeless single switch single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) converter which serves as a better alternative to Buck-Boost and Cuk converter as it eliminates use of diode bridge rectifier at front end and thus lowers the conduction loss. A closed loop speed control technique is also introduced for control of BLDC motor to make it more practical for various applications and is verified using MATLAB/Simulink and a hardware prototype using Arduino. Results obtained from software and hardware prove the usefulness of the proposed scheme.

Digital payment systems in India have undergone a remarkable transformation over the past decade, driven by technological advancements, policy support, and changing consumer behavior. This study examines the growth trends of digital payments, with a particular focus on the increasing dominance of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). Using secondary data from reliable sources such as the Reserve Bank of India and the National Payments Corporation of India, the research analyzes transaction volume, value, and comparative performance of various payment modes.
The findings reveal a consistent rise in digital transactions, especially after 2020, supported by smartphone penetration, internet accessibility, and government initiatives like Digital India. UPI has emerged as the most preferred mode due to its convenience, speed, and cost-effectiveness. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks, digital illiteracy, and infrastructural gaps continue to hinder full-scale adoption.
The study concludes that while India is steadily progressing toward a cashless economy, sustained growth will depend on improving digital awareness, strengthening security frameworks, and ensuring inclusive access. The research provides useful insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and future researchers.

Cellulitis is a common acute bacterial infection involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues and is a major component of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has complicated its management. Omadacycline, a novel aminomethylcycline antibiotic, has been developed to overcome resistance mechanisms associated with traditional tetracyclines. It exhibits broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical pathogens. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of ABSSSI, including cellulitis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological profile, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, clinical efficacy, and safety of omadacycline in the management of cellulitis.

The study emphasizes the critical role of women in rural development, highlighting their economic and social empowerment as drivers of positive change. In developing countries, women are pivotal in household management and agricultural activities, yet persistent gender inequalities hinder their potential. Women often lack access to resources, education, and property rights, which limits their productivity and income-earning opportunities. Their responsibilities extend beyond farming to include household chores, caregiving, and income-generating activities such as trading and wage labor, often working 12 hours more per week than men, especially in regions affected by climate change and migration.
Despite their extensive roles, women face significant barriers due to limited access to resources, services, and decision-making power. Addressing these issues is essential for sustainable community growth, as women’s participation directly influences social fabric and local economies. Recognizing the changing landscape of smallholder agriculture amid globalization, climate challenges, and technological advancements underscores the need for supporting women to adapt and capitalize on emerging opportunities.
To achieve equitable development, gender inclusion must be systematically integrated into rural programs, encouraging women’s participation in planning and leadership roles. Promoting women’s associations and ensuring their involvement in decision-making can lead to more balanced and effective rural development. Specifically, empowering Mising women in the studied villages under Ujani Sissi Tangani Panchayat is vital for reducing poverty, hunger, and malnutrition. This paper explores the contributions of Mising women, emphasizing their importance in fostering sustainable socio-economic progress in their communities.

In today’s highly competitive job market, attracting and retaining young talent has become a major challenge for organizations, making employer branding a critical area of study. This research aims to examine the impact of employer branding on attracting young talent and to identify the key factors that influence their job preferences and application decisions. The study is based on primary data collected from 50 respondents through a structured questionnaire.
The findings reveal that a majority of respondents are aware of employer branding and consider it an important factor while evaluating potential employers. Factors such as work culture and company reputation were found to have a significant influence on employer brand perception, while platforms like employee reviews and social media play an important role in shaping candidates’ opinions. The study also indicates that strong employer branding significantly affects job application decisions and helps organizations attract better talent. Statistical analysis using the Chi-Square test confirms that employer branding has a significant impact on attracting young talent.
The research highlights the importance of developing a strong employer brand through effective communication, positive work culture, and employee-centric practices. It concludes that organizations must focus on both tangible and intangible factors to enhance their employer image and successfully attract and engage young talent, thereby ensuring long-term organizational growth and competitiveness.

Safety in teaching in technical and management institutions at North Karnataka from the perspective of self-appraisal for developing techniques for professional enhancement is the aim this paper pursues. With a growing focus on quality assurance, faculty accountability, and competency-based development in higher education, self-appraisal has become an integral component of the continuous quality improvement process, as the basis for reflective practice. This research article attempts to find out the use of self‐appraisal by the faculty, as well as its impact on the teaching skills and progress of the teaching faculty. This study is empirical as well as descriptive and analytical in nature which is based on primary data collected from teachers working in some selected management, engineering, and polytechnic institutions in North Karnataka. Self self appraisal practices, teaching competencies and professional growth was measured using relevant scale items through a structured questionnaire. Depending on the management objectives, the gathered data can be statistically analyzed (percentage analysis, mean, standard deviation, correlation, regression, t-test, ANOVA, etc.) to discover patterns, relationships, and the differences among respondents. The research indicates that the practice of self-evaluation has a mature impact in reinforcing teaching skills and faculty professional development. Alternatively, faculty engaged on a more reflective process of evaluating their teaching, setting goals and utilizing feedback may be better or more frequently involved in faculty development experiences, resulting in growth to advance their career. It should come in handy for institutional leaders, policy makers and academic administrators with regards to designing more efficient appraisal and competency development systems. This study adds to the limited literature on faculty development and provides some practical implications to enhance the quality of education in the technical and management institutions.

Catharanthus roseus, popularly known as the Madagascar periwinkle, is a cornerstone of modern pharmacology due to its biosynthesis of the potent anti-cancer alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine. Despite their high value, these compounds are produced in extremely small quantities naturally, making extraction costly and inefficient. Furthermore, the plant's productivity is heavily dictated by abiotic stressors, such as salinity and thermal extremes, which fundamentally alter its metabolic output. This study investigates the application of in vitro micropropagation as a viable method for the effective cultivation and study of stress resilience in C. roseus.
We evaluated the effects of incremental salinity (50 mM to 200 mM NaCl) and storage temperatures (20°C and 4°C) on explant viability and morphological growth over a 21-day period. Results indicated that optimal conditions at 20°C yielded a 100% survival rate with vigorous shoot development. Conversely, while mild salinity (50 mM) acted as a metabolic stimulant enhancing defense responses, higher concentrations (150-200 mM) led to acute ionic toxicity and total growth inhibition. These findings highlight the critical role of maintaining optimal environmental parameters for the genetic preservation and pharmaceutical scale-up of this vital medicinal species.

The grid environment uses distributed resources to solve complex business, industrial, and technical issues. Therefore, a competent scheduling technique is required to achieve the grid's goals. The cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) and genetic algorithm (GA) for work scheduling in a grid computing environment served as the inspiration for the development of the Hybrid Cuckoo Genetic method (HCG). In order to efficiently schedule numerous tasks with shorter schedules and load balancing, this HCG is used on a grid. In this case, the number of job sets is used to evaluate transmission time. The results demonstrate the effective management of complexity, load balance, and resource use.

This study examined the temporal changes of urban green areas across neighborhoods in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, from 2000 to 2024. Using GIS and remote sensing techniques, land use and land cover changes were analysed to determine the extent, distribution, and transformation of green areas over time. The findings revealed a significant decline in urban green areas from 58.62% (25.837 km²) in 2000 to 48.04% (21.317 km²) in 2024, with a corresponding increase in non-green areas from 41.38% to 51.96%. Spatial analysis showed that high-density neighborhoods, including Wadata, Akpehe I, and High Level, experienced the most severe reduction in green cover, while planned and low-density areas such as New GRA and Welfare Quarters retained relatively higher proportions of green spaces. The study also found that urban green areas are characterized by low species diversity, with dominance of a few tree species such as Mangiferaindica and Terminaliamantaly, indicating a largely utilitarian pattern of urban greening. Further analysis identified key drivers of green space decline, including urban expansion, infrastructure development, land conversion, and weak planning control mechanisms, reflecting the strong influence of anthropogenic activities on green area dynamics. The study concludes that urban green areas in Makurdi Metropolis have undergone substantial decline and spatial redistribution over the study period, emphasizing the need for sustainable urban planning, improved land-use regulation, and strategic urban greening interventions to ensure long-term environmental sustainability.

This research paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of an AI-powered web application that integrates Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology with browser-based Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesis to create an accessible, full-stack platform for extracting spoken content from digital images. Named the Image-to-Text-to-Speech (ITIS) Converter, this system addresses a critical accessibility gap encountered by visually impaired individuals, language learners, and professionals dealing with large volumes of scanned or photographed textual content.
The system employs a React-based frontend for an intuitive user experience, Node.js and Express for backend API management, and Mongo DB as a persistent document store for saving and retrieving extracted stories. The core OCR functionality is powered by Tesser act js — the JavaScript port of Google's Tesseract OCR engine — which operates entirely in the browser through Web Assembly, eliminating the need for server-side image processing. Speech synthesis is handled by the native Web Speech API, offering real-time customization of voice, rate, and pitch without additional server load.
Through systematic evaluation across five image categories — printed text, handwritten content, low-resolution scans, multilingual documents, and natural scene text — the application achieved an average character accuracy of 91.4% under optimal conditions. Key findings indicate that image preprocessing and lighting quality are the primary determinants of OCR accuracy. The system's modular architecture and separation of frontend and backend concerns make it extensible toward future enhancements including authentication, audio download, and multi-language support.
This paper documents the full system lifecycle including literature review, system architecture, implementation details, testing methodologies, performance evaluation, limitations, and a proposed roadmap for future development. The project demonstrates that modern browser APIs and JavaScript libraries are sufficiently mature to power production-grade accessibility tools without dependency on heavyweight server-side AI infrastructure.

This research paper examines the key determinants influencing customer loyalty in the bottled water industry, with a focus on product quality, pricing, brand trust, availability, packaging, and sustainability practices. Based on primary data collected from 60 respondents and supported by recent literature (2024–2026), the study applies a consumer behavior framework to analyze how functional and emotional factors influence repeat purchase behavior. The findings reveal that product quality and safety act as foundational drivers, while brand reputation and sustainability practices play a crucial role in sustaining long-term loyalty. Availability emerges as a critical operational factor, with a high tendency among consumers to switch brands when products are not accessible. The study concludes that customer loyalty in the bottled water industry is multidimensional and conditional, requiring an integrated strategy that combines quality assurance, strong branding, efficient distribution, and environmental responsibility.

Job satisfaction has become a critical factor influencing employee retention in modern organizations. This study examines the relationship between job satisfaction and employee retention by analysing how factors such as salary, recognition, and work environment affect employees’ intention to stay. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 50 respondents.
The findings indicate that job satisfaction significantly impacts employee retention, with higher satisfaction levels leading to a stronger intention to remain in the organization. Key factors such as compensation and career growth opportunities were identified as major drivers of retention. The study highlights the importance of effective HR practices in improving employee satisfaction and reducing turnover, thereby contributing to organizational stability and performance.

Agriculture plays a vital role in the economy, and maintaining optimal environmental conditions inside a greenhouse is essential for improving crop yield and quality. Manual monitoring of temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity is inefficient and may lead to improper plant growth.This project presents the design and implementation of a Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system continuously monitors key environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity using sensors like DHT11/DHT22, soil moisture sensor, and LDR. The collected data is processed using a microcontroller such as NodeMCU and transmitted to a cloud platform via Wi-Fi.Based on predefined threshold values, the system automatically controls actuators such as water pumps, exhaust fans, and artificial lighting through relay modules. Real-time data is displayed on a mobile application or web dashboard, allowing remote monitoring and control from anywhere.The proposed system helps in maintaining optimal greenhouse conditions, reducing water consumption, minimizing human intervention, and increasing crop productivity. The project is low-cost, energy-efficient, and suitable for smart agriculture applications. Future enhancements may include integration of advanced analytics and automation using Artificial Intelligence for predictive crop management.

Early prediction of chronic diseases plays a very crucial role in preventive healthcare and reducing long-term medical complications. Our research paper presents an AI – based multi-disease prediction system alongwith the health risk calculator that leverages machine learning techniques to analyze human health data and estimates the likelihood of developing various diseases. The proposed system focuses on multiple coditions, including Diabetes, Hyper Tension, Fatty Lever Diseases , Thyroid Disease, Kidney Disease, Anemia, Stroke and Stress Sickness. We have started with these diseases as we can control and cure these disease at earlier stages with just adjusting our daily lifestyle and diets. Our belief is “ Prevention is Better than cure” and a global healthylifestyle of people to build a disease free nation.

The Smart Complaint Management System (SCMS) is a web-based application designed to enhance the efficiency and transparency of public grievance redressal processes. Traditional complaint handling systems rely heavily on manual documentation and decentralized record maintenance, leading to delays, lack of accountability, and inefficient tracking mechanisms. The proposed system provides a centralized digital platform where users can register, submit complaints related to civic issues, upload supporting images, and monitor complaint status in real time. The system incorporates secure authentication, structured database management, and role-based access for administrators to review, update, and resolve complaints effectively. Developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the frontend, PHP for backend processing, and MySQL as the relational database, the system ensures secure data handling and streamlined communication between citizens and authorities. The implementation of SCMS significantly reduces paperwork, enhances transparency, improves response time, and promotes efficient public service delivery. This system contributes to the advancement of e-governance initiatives by providing a scalable and user-friendly digital grievance management solution.

Automated detection and counting of blood cells in thin blood smear images have become essential in modern medical diagnostics due to the limitations of manual microscopic analysis. Traditional methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human error, especially when processing large volumes of samples. This paper presents a comprehensive study on automated techniques for identifying and counting red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets using image processing and deep learning approaches. The proposed methodology integrates preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and object detection models such as YOLO and RetinaNet. Advanced segmentation techniques like U-Net and watershed algorithms are employed to handle overlapping cells and noisy backgrounds. The system is evaluated using publicly available datasets such as BCCD and LISC, with performance metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Experimental results demonstrate that deep learning-based approaches significantly outperform traditional methods, achieving high accuracy and robustness in varying imaging conditions. The study highlights the potential of automated systems to assist hematologists in rapid and reliable diagnosis of blood-related disorders, including anemia, leukemia, and infections. Future work focuses on improving real-time deployment and handling complex pathological cases.

The rapid growth of digital education platforms has significantly improved access to learning resources; however, accessibility for visually impaired learners remains a critical challenge due to the predominance of visually driven interfaces. This paper presents QuizTalk, an AI-powered voice-based quiz system designed to enable visually impaired users to participate in assessments independently and efficiently.
The proposed system integrates Text-to-Speech (TTS) to de-liver quiz questions audibly and Speech-to-Text (STT) to capture user responses through voice commands, thereby eliminating the need for visual interaction. Additionally, the system incorporates artificial intelligence using the ChatGPT API to generate dynamic quiz questions and provide real-time explanations for incorrect answers, enhancing conceptual understanding and engagement. Experimental evaluation and system testing demonstrate im-proved accessibility, usability, and interaction efficiency com-pared to traditional quiz systems. The proposed solution pro-motes inclusive education by enabling hands-free interaction and reducing dependency on external assistance. Furthermore, QuizTalk lays the foundation for future enhancement, includ-ings multilingual support, offline voice processing, and adaptive learning systems.

Pharmaceutical logistics storage is a critical component of pharmaceutical management at community health centers (Puskesmas) because it affects the quality, safety, and availability of medications. Issues such as expired medications, substandard storage arrangements, and limited storage facilities are still encountered at several Puskesmas in Kendari City. This study aims to identify factors related to pharmaceutical logistics storage at Community Health Centers in Kendari City in 2025, including spatial arrangement, medication stock organization, medication stock record-keeping, and medication quality monitoring. This study employs a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted at Community Health Centers in Kendari City in 2025. The study population consisted of all pharmacy staff at community health centers in Kendari City, with total sampling used as the sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, and analyzed using SPSS with the chi-square test. The results showed a significant relationship between medication inventory recording (p-value = 0.044) and pharmaceutical logistics storage, whereas spatial arrangement (p-value = 0.086), medication stock recording (p-value = 0.065), and medication quality monitoring (p-value = 0.054) did not show a relationship with pharmaceutical logistics storage. This study emphasizes that continuous improvement in storage management is essential in accordance with pharmaceutical service standards.

Agriculture serves as the backbone of the global economy, and crop yield is significantly hampered by various diseases and pest infections. Traditional methods of detection rely on manual observation by an expert, which is often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to human error, particularly in remote areas. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an automated system for the detection of crop diseases and pests using Deep Learning techniques. The proposed model achieved a validation accuracy of 100% and demonstrated excellent performance across precision, recall, and F1-score metrics.

Phishing is one of the most common cyber threats that targets users by creating fake websites, emails, or links to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, banking credentials, and personal data. As phishing attacks are becoming more sophisticated, there is a growing need for an intelligent system that can detect and prevent such malicious activities in real time.The Phishing Detection and Prevention System is designed to identify phishing websites and suspicious URLs using machine learning techniques and URL-based feature analysis. The system analyzes various characteristics of a given URL, such as URL length, presence of special characters, domain age, HTTPS usage, and suspicious patterns, to classify whether the website is legitimate or phishing. A trained machine learning model processes these features and provides accurate predictions to alert users before they access harmful websites.The system also includes a user-friendly interface where users can enter a URL and instantly receive security feedback. By combining detection algorithms with preventive alert mechanisms, the project helps users avoid cyber fraud and enhances online safety.This project demonstrates the practical application of cybersecurity and machine learning concepts to build an effective, scalable, and efficient phishing detection solution. It can be further extended as a browser extension or integrated with email security systems for broader protection against phishing attacks.

There is much inefficiency that has become part and parcel of the Indian rental industry, including dependence on brokers, unclear rental rates, and fragmented property listings. This leads to the challenge faced by tenants in identifying appropriate rental accommodation. This paper proposes TrustNest, an end-to-end AI-powered rental discovery platform that seeks to overcome these challenges by connecting tenants and landlords in a streamlined way through a single website. The proposed solution makes use of a three-tier architecture comprising a React.js front-end, a Python Flask REST API back-end, and a MySQL database. One of the novel aspects about this study is the utilization of machine learning algorithms utilizing a Random Forest Regressor to calculate fair rental prices based on several variables like location, size of the property, type of property, proximity to metro stations, and IT parks. Listings will be supplemented by a Livability Score of zero to one hundred and a price declaration that denotes whether it is a Great Deal, Fair Price, or Overpricing.

The development of adaptive and responsive artificial intelligence in 3D interactive environments often requires extensive training time and massive datasets. This study introduces a live training imitation learning system designed to rapidly train autonomous agents using real-time human demonstrations. Utilizing the Godot 4 engine integrated with a Python-based backend, the system combines Behavioral Cloning (BC) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). The methodology focuses on eliminating frame-of-reference mismatches by utilizing agent-local coordinates and basis vectors, alongside frame-stacking for enhanced temporal awareness. Human gameplay trajectories are recorded through intent-based actions and used to pre-train the agent via the imitation library, followed by PPO refinement driven by a custom reward function shaping approach velocity, jump-matching, and alignment. The results demonstrate that agents trained through this live pipeline achieve stable pursuit behaviors significantly faster than traditional RL methods, while avoiding degenerate strategies such as environment exploitation. This paper details the architecture, training pipeline, and synchronization mechanisms that enable seamless transitions between data collection and reinforcement learning, providing a robust framework for real-time AI development in applied technology sciences.

Water quality is a critical factor for environmental health, human consumption, and aquatic life. Monitoring water quality in remote, hazardous, or physically inaccessible water bodies is a challenging task when performed manually. This paper presents the design, development, and testing of a Bluetooth-controlled RC Boat equipped with a pH sensor and turbidity sensor for real-time water quality monitoring. The boat is built on a lightweight base frame powered by DC motors driven through a motor driver circuit, and is remotely controlled via a smartphone Bluetooth application. The system uses an Arduino UNO microcontroller as the central processing unit to collect sensor data and control motor operations. The boat can be navigated to areas where manual testing is risky or physically impractical, collect water quality data, and transmit it wirelessly to the user's smartphone. The proposed system offers a low-cost, portable, and effective solution for water quality assessment in industrial zones, lakes, rivers, and water treatment facilities. Key results show pH sensor accuracy within ±0.2 units, turbidity variation below 5%, Bluetooth range up to 15 m, and battery life of 45–60 minutes per charge.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurological condition that mainly affects how a person moves, controls muscles, and maintains posture. It happens because of damage to the developing brain, which usually occurs before birth, during delivery, or shortly after birth.
It is important to understand that Cerebral Palsy is not contagious, meaning it cannot spread from one person to another. Also, it is a non-progressive condition, so the brain damage does not get worse over time. However, the symptoms may change as the child grows.
Cerebral Palsy is one of the most common physical disabilities that begin in childhood. It affects around 1 in 500 newborns, and globally, about 17 million people are living with this condition.
Rather than being a single disease, Cerebral Palsy is a clinical condition where children show similar symptoms due to early brain injury. These symptoms can vary a lot depending on the type of movement problem, the severity, and which part of the body is affected.
Currently, there is no complete cure for Cerebral Palsy, but medical science is making progress in both prevention and treatment. For example, proper medical care during premature labor and special treatments for newborns can help reduce the severity of the condition.
The main goal of treatment is to:
• Improve movement and daily functioning
• Reduce complications like seizures, feeding issues, and bone problems
• Help individuals live a better and more independent life
These treatments include early therapy, medical care, rehabilitation technologies, and prevention of secondary complications.

In developing countries where concrete is widely used, the high and steadily increasing cost of concrete has made construction very expensive. This coupled with deleterious effect of concrete production on the environment has led to studies on various materials which could be used as partial replacement for coarse aggregate. This project is experimented to reduce the cost of concrete. The only way to reduce and tackle these problems is reuse and recycles. In this project work, experiments have been conducted with the collection of materials required and data required for mix design are obtained. The M20 grade concrete is designed as per Indian standard code for conventional concrete. The water cement ratio is maintained for this mix design is 0.45. The granite wastes were properly cut down to the size of coarse aggregate and then they were mixed with the concrete in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. Cubes were casted with these concrete mixes and subjected to curing of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and their strength is determined. The determined compressive strength was compared with the conventional concrete cube’s strength. Of the above percentage mixes, the perfect percentage mix of granite with coarse aggregate is found and can be brought to use.

Traffic congestion has emerged as one of the most pressing urban challenges in metropolitan cities across India. Chennai, being a major economic, educational, and cultural hub, experiences severe traffic congestion due to rapid urbanization, population growth, increased vehicle ownership, and inadequate road infrastructure. This study examines the nature of traffic congestion in Chennai and its impact on the daily lives of citizens. The research focuses on the social, economic, health, and environmental consequences of traffic congestion, including time loss, stress, reduced productivity, air pollution, and road safety concerns. Both primary and secondary data are used to analyze commuting patterns, public perception, and the effectiveness of existing traffic management measures. The findings reveal that traffic congestion significantly affects work-life balance, physical and mental health, and overall quality of life. The study emphasizes the need for improved public transport systems, better urban planning, strict traffic regulation enforcement, and public awareness to reduce congestion in Chennai.

One of the most common problems people face when they visit a new place is that they cannot find basic nearby services like photocopy shops, stationery stores, or printing centres. Small local vendors are usually not listed on any digital platform, which creates problems for both the user and the vendor. In this paper, we have built a location-based system that helps users find nearby vendors and compare their service prices. The system uses the browser's GPS to get the user's location, a Node.js backend to find nearby vendors from a MongoDB database, and Leaflet.js to show them on an interactive map. The frontend is built using React.js and is designed to be simple and easy to use. The main features of the system include distance-based vendor filtering using the Haversine formula, display of per-service prices, and a price comparison view. During testing, the system was able to find vendors accurately and returned results in under 2 seconds.

Transportation management practices have become increasingly important in explaining logistics management outcomes in a global trade environment shaped by border delays, infrastructure gaps, service inefficiencies, and visibility challenges. Despite growing research on logistics performance, fewer studies have examined transportation management practices as direct predictors of logistics management outcomes using a recent public dataset. This study therefore examined the relationship between transportation management practices and logistics management using the 2023 World Bank Logistics Performance Index dataset. The study adopted a quantitative correlational design based on secondary data for 139 countries. Transportation management practices were operationalized through customs efficiency, infrastructure quality, ease of arranging international shipments, logistics competence, and tracking and tracing capability, while logistics management was measured through timeliness. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, diagnostic tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression. The descriptive results showed that timeliness had the highest mean score (M = 3.242, SD = 0.565), while customs efficiency had the lowest (M = 2.800, SD = 0.625). Correlation analysis indicated that all transportation management variables had strong positive and statistically significant relationships with timeliness: customs (r = .863, p < .001), infrastructure (r = .863, p < .001), international shipments (r = .831, p < .001), logistics competence (r = .898, p < .001), and tracking and tracing (r = .911, p < .001). Regression results showed that the model was significant, F(5, 133) = 152.000, p < .001, explaining 85.1% of the variance in timeliness (R² = .851). However, only logistics competence (B = 0.273, p = .012) and tracking and tracing (B = 0.427, p < .001) remained significant predictors. The study concluded that transportation management practices are significantly related to logistics management. It recommends greater investment in logistics competence, digital tracking systems, and coordinated transport reforms to improve shipment timeliness.

This project, titled “Operating a Bell using Arduino Board,” is designed to automate the control of a bell using an Arduino microcontroller. The main objective is to develop a simple and efficient system that can ring a bell at predefined times or based on user input. In this system, the Arduino board acts as the central controller, processing programming instructions and activating the bell through a relay module or buzzer. This system can be effectively used in schools, colleges, and offices to automate bell operations, thereby reducing manual effort and improving time accuracy. The proposed system is cost-effective, reliable, and easy to implement. It also helps in understanding the fundamental concepts of embedded systems, programming, and automation.

Problem: In quantum chemistry, calculating molecular energies is an extremely complex process. Classical computers cannot solve these problems at scale because more electrons mean exponentially more memory and time — 10 electrons require 2¹⁰ = 1,024 states, while 100 electrons require 2¹⁰⁰ states, which is practically impossible to solve.
Our Approach: We use the VQE (Variational Quantum Eigensolver) algorithm to solve this issue. It is a hybrid process where both quantum and classical computers work together. The quantum computer generates quantum states, and the classical computer optimizes those states. We implemented this on the real hardware of IBM Quantum.
What We Got: Using the VQE algorithm, we obtained the ground state energy of −0.469 Hartree for the hydrogen atom, compared to the theoretical value of −0.471 Hartree — an error of only 0.002 Ha. For the H₂ molecule we obtained −1.143 Ha (exact: −1.146 Ha). The reaction energy (when two H atoms combine to form H₂) was −0.204 Ha, differing from the theoretical value.
What We Prove: This demonstrates that VQE algorithms accurately work on quantum hardware.

Today’s workplaces need more than basic attendance logs. Big offices especially struggle to know who’s actually present and working at their stations. Swipe cards and biometric devices are fine for clocking in and out, but they can’t say whether an employee really sat at their desk all day. This project steps in with a real-time employee tracking and activity monitoring system, built with OpenCV and the lightweight YOLOv4-tiny deep learning model. All you need is a regular camera pointed at the workspace. The system constantly scans the video feed, quickly and accurately looking for people.
Each employee’s desk is mapped as a digital Region of Interest (ROI). If the system spots someone in that area, they’re counted as “Present”; if not, “Absent.”

The present study successfully developed and validated a simple, accurate, and cost-effective UV–Visible spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous estimation of plant-based anti-inflammatory agents, berbaloin and plumbagin. The method was based on their absorption maxima at 291.0 nm and 267.0 nm, respectively, with an isobestic point at 280.0 nm, confirming its suitability for simultaneous analysis. Both drugs obeyed Beer’s law within the concentration ranges of 4–12 µg/mL for berbaloin and 10–50 µg/mL for plumbagin, exhibiting excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.9985 and 0.9866, respectively. The method demonstrated high precision, as indicated by low %RSD values for repeatability, intraday, and interday studies. Ruggedness and robustness studies further confirmed the reliability of the method, with %RSD values remaining below acceptable limits under varying conditions. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) indicated good sensitivity of the method for both analytes. Overall, the proposed method is rapid, precise, accurate, sensitive, and robust, making it highly suitable for routine quality control and simultaneous estimation of berbaloin and plumbagin in pharmaceutical and herbal formulations.

A novel and efficient UV spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of Erythromycin and Niacinamide in topical formulations. Characterization revealed Niacinamide as a white crystalline powder and Erythromycin as white to off-white crystals, both confirming purity. Solubility tests indicated Niacinamide's high hydrophilicity, while Erythromycin preferred organic solvents. The method demonstrated linearity in concentrations of 2–10 µg/ml, showing excellent correlation (R² values of 0.998 for erythromycin and 0.992 for niacinamide) and precision (RSD values < 2%). The FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical identities of both compounds. Additionally, limits of detection were established at 1.0837 µg/ml for Niacinamide and 2.1165 µg/ml for Erythromycin. This validated method is deemed suitable for routine quality control in pharmaceutical applications due to its accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability.

The rise of social media platforms has fundamentally transformed the way consumers express opinions about brands, products, and services. In today's hyper-connected world, a single post on Instagram, Twitter, or Google Reviews has the potential to shape the perception of an entire brand overnight. This research paper empirically investigates the relationship between social media sentiment — both positive and negative
— and its tangible impact on the brand image of businesses operating in Navi Mumbai. Using a mixed approach of primary data collected through structured questionnaires from 120 respondents (consumers and business owners), and secondary data drawn from academic literature, the study identifies how businesses respond to online reviews, how customers form or revise their brand perceptions, and what sentiment patterns emerge most frequently across platforms. The study also draws on behavioural insights: how herd mentality, emotional amplification, and platform trust levels all play a role in shaping brand narratives. Key findings suggest that negative reviews have a disproportionately strong impact on brand image compared to positive ones — a phenomenon consistent with loss aversion theory. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations for brand managers, digital marketers, and small business owners in Navi Mumbai to leverage sentiment analysis tools to proactively protect and strengthen their brand identity.

In many African society, the belief in witchcraft is real, the craft is usually acquired through initiation by older members of the movement of witchcraft through supernatural means. Membership of this movements are said to be nefarious, and notorious for witch hunting and for other evil happenings, including death or other misfortunes. Practitioners or close allies believed that the practice of witchcrafts is for high wisdom, divinity and protection. It is pertinent to note that, the cases of suspected witchcraft activities are largely within the rural settings and among the poor. The elderly and weak persons are most vulnerable, and risk mob attacks and banishment from their communities, or sometimes they could be put to death. The aftermath of suspected witchcraft practices on victims cannot be overemphasized in many African societies, including Nigeria. Several Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) and other human right organizations since 2017 have championed the campaign against stigmatization of witchcraft yet to no avail. This paper adopt the doctrinal method and it discovers that despite the criminization of the practice of witchcraft on section 210 of the Nigeria criminal code but it failed to defined the real meaning of witchcraft. It is the submission of this paper that the Nigerian criminal code, a colonial era document is bereft of proper understanding of witchcraft practices to which it proscribed. The paper further submit that witchcraft is a movement of divinity and wisdom with which an individual could be endowed, and protected. Resolution 47/8 of the human right council of July 12th 2021 hitherto bars the unfair accusation of witchcraft and harmful attack on victims. Conclusively, the practice and belief in witchcraft is human and it is a right for all Nigerians at home and diaspora to be initiated and enjoy the practice whereof. This is consistent with equity and equality. It is also the recommendation of this work that witchcraft are to be legalized in the Nigerian constitution for a clearer meaning and demystification.

In today’s highly competitive and dynamic business environment, organizations are increasingly focusing on human capital as a key driver of success. Among various human resource practices, employee engagement has emerged as a critical factor influencing organizational performance. Employee engagement refers to the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral connection that employees have with their work and organization.
Engaged employees are more productive, committed, and motivated to contribute to organizational goals. On the other hand, disengaged employees may lead to low productivity, absenteeism, and high turnover. Therefore, understanding the concept of employee engagement and its impact on employee motivation has become essential for modern organizations.
This study aims to explore the relationship between employee engagement and motivation, identify key factors affecting engagement, and suggest strategies to enhance employee motivation through engagement practices.

In the modern digital era, the exponential growth of data has created a significant demand for efficient, scalable, and secure storage systems. Cloud computing has emerged as a dominant paradigm that provides on-demand access to computing resources and storage infrastructure. However, most commercial cloud storage platforms such as Google Drive and Dropbox require paid subscriptions and complex configurations, making them less suitable for academic and small-scale applications.
This research presents Mini Drive, a lightweight cloud-based file storage and sharing system developed using Node.js and Supabase. The system enables users to upload, store, retrieve, and download files securely through a web-based interface integrated with cloud infrastructure. The backend is implemented using RESTful APIs, while Supabase provides storage and database services with built-in security mechanisms such as Row Level Security (RLS).
The system follows a modular architecture to ensure scalability, flexibility, and efficient data handling. The primary objective is to demonstrate that a fully functional cloud storage system can be developed using free-tier technologies without compromising performance and security. The implementation focuses on core functionalities including file upload, file listing, and file download, along with a user-friendly interface.

With the growing demand for intelligent security infrastructure, conventional access control systems such as mechanical locks, RFID cards, and PIN-based authentication mechanisms have proven vulnerable to duplication, theft, and misuse. This research presents IntelliGate, a real-time Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven facial recognition-based smart access control system integrated with IoT-enabled hardware components. The system utilizes computer vision algorithms implemented through OpenCV and facial encoding techniques powered by Dlib to authenticate individuals. Upon successful identification, a Raspberry Pi Foundation-developed Raspberry Pi 4 activates a relay module connected to an electromagnetic lock. Unauthorized access attempts trigger automated logging, image capture, buzzer alerts, and real-time email notifications.
Experimental analysis demonstrates an average recognition accuracy of approximately 94% with low response latency, making IntelliGate a scalable, cost-effective, and intelligent security solution for residential, institutional, and industrial applications.

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of e-commerce sales data using Python-based data analytics and visualization techniques. With the rapid growth of online shopping platforms, large volumes of transactional data are generated daily, making it essential to analyze and extract useful insights for business growth. The primary objective of this study is to clean raw sales data, perform exploratory data analysis (EDA), and visualize important trends such as monthly sales patterns, product performance, and customer purchasing behavior.
The study utilizes powerful Python libraries including Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, and Seaborn to process and analyze the dataset. Data cleaning techniques such as handling missing values, removing duplicates, and correcting inconsistencies are applied to ensure accuracy. After preprocessing, various visualization techniques are used to represent the data in graphical form, making it easier to interpret patterns and trends.
The results of this research help in identifying high-performing products, seasonal demand variations, and customer buying habits. These insights can assist businesses in making data-driven decisions, improving marketing strategies, and increasing overall profitability. Unlike traditional research, this study focuses on practical implementation and visualization-driven insights, making it more useful for real-world applications.

MediCare is a comprehensive family healthcare management system designed to address the growing challenges in managing medical routines such as medicine schedules, doctor appointments, and emergency situations. In many households, healthcare data is scattered across multiple applications, making it difficult to track and manage effectively. MediCare integrates all essential healthcare features into a single web-based platform.
The system uses Supabase for cloud-based data storage and real-time synchronization, ensuring reliable and secure access to health information. A major feature of the system is the voice-assisted alarm, which uses Text-to-Speech technology to notify users about medicine timings and doctor appointments. This feature significantly improves accessibility for elderly users and visually impaired individuals.
Additionally, MediCare includes an emergency SOS system and a basic image-based pill identification feature. The system is lightweight, scalable, and easy to use, making it suitable for both academic and real-world applications.

The current lifestyle has made children more susceptible to carious lesions all around the world. One of the major contributing microorganisms is Streptococcus mutans, which causes initiation of enamel caries and is a major etiological pathogen. For the prevention of caries and therapeutic purposes, mouthwashes or mouth rinses are promoted a lot. The first mentioned mouth rinse was seen around 2700 BC in Chinese medicine. Among antimicrobial agents, chlorhexidine is considered gold standard but it has side effects such as extrinsic stain formation and bitter taste. Glycyrrhiza (licorice), a herb, which has medicinal value and was used in ancient times as a remedy for a great diversity of ailments and sweetener. Roots of Glycyrrhiza contain a high concentration of saponin and glycyrrhizin, which are supposed to be sweetening agents. Green tea, which is very rich in fluoride, with its catechin content attribute to its benefits. Polyphenols and various flavonoids such as catechin, catechin gallate, and catechin proanthocyanidin are its main constituents. Hence, the aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic licorice extract with and without green tea extract and sodium fluoride mouthwash against S. mutans.

The quick rise in elastic unused generation positions a severe eco-friendly task universal. This project discovers an innovative and workable explanation by using recycled plastic unused as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in M30 grade concrete suitable for rigid concrete structure. Using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), 20 mm coarse aggregate, and the given parameters (workability 75 mm slump, water-cement ratio 0.45, 0.5% admixture), the concrete mix is designed as per IS 10262:2019 guidelines. Plastic waste replaces coarse aggregate by weight at four levels: 7%, 11%, 15%, and 20%. The primary objectives are to reduce natural aggregate consumption, promote circular economy principles, minimize landfill burden, and develop eco-friendly rigid concretes with comparable or improved properties such as reduced self-weight and enhanced flexibility. The step-by-step mix design yields practical proportions for laboratory and field trials. This approach not only addresses plastic pollution but also supports workable infrastructure development in road construction, offering a cost-effective and environmentally responsible alternative without compromising the structural requirements of rigid pavements.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed a revolutionary transformation with the advent of deep learning techniques, particularly transformer-based architectures. This research paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of state-of-the-art transformer models, including BERT, RoBERTa, GPT, T5, and XLNet, focusing on their performance in text classification and sentiment analysis tasks. We evaluate these models across multiple benchmark datasets, including GLUE and SuperGLUE, and analyze their strengths, limitations, and computational requirements. Our experimental results demonstrate that while larger models generally achieve superior performance, the trade-offs between accuracy, computational cost, and inference speed vary significantly across different applications. The study also investigates the effectiveness of various fine-tuning strategies and word embedding techniques, providing practical insights for researchers and practitioners working on NLP applications. Our findings suggest that RoBERTa-large achieves the best overall performance with 89.3% accuracy on the GLUE benchmark, while BERT-base offers a favorable balance between performance and computational efficiency for resource-constrained environments. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on deep learning approaches in NLP and provides actionable recommendations for model selection based on specific use cases and resource availability.

Introduction:
Shilajit is a classical Ayurvedic rasayana described as a mineral–organic exudate from mountainous regions. Ancient texts describe its types, origin, and medicinal importance, with Lauha Shilajatu considered the most potent.
Materials and Methods: Key Ayurvedic texts were reviewed to compile information on the origin, types, purification (Shodhana), therapeutic uses, dosage, and safety of Shilajit.
Results: Classical sources describe specific Shodhana procedures, purity tests, and indications in prameha, sthaulya, pandu, kushtha, rajyakshma, urinary diseases, and general debility. Shilajit contains humic substances, fulvic acid, dibenzo-α-pyrones, minerals, and diverse bioactive compounds.
Discussion: Traditional evidence highlights Shilajit’s rejuvenative and therapeutic potential, emphasizing proper purification and dosage. While widely used in Ayurveda, further scientific research is required to validate its pharmacological actions and standardize quality.

Now a days increasing population in the world, then the constructions for living humans could be more like houses, bridges, appartments etc. Rapidly wastage of concrete aggregates is increasing. To minimize the wastage of concretes by utilizing properly with hot mix asphalt mixtures for construction of road pavements. The objective of this study is to understand the vitality of using RCA for the construction of bituminous pavements. Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) materials are resulted from milling process. In this study samples of Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) materials were collected and analysed for suitability of their usage in flexible pavements. Their characteristics including gradation, Aggregate Impact value, Aggregate Crushing value, Specific gravity, Flakiness Elongation Index, Loss Angles Abrasion value, and Water absorption were determined and compared to the standard specifications. The present study deals with evaluation of Marshall Stability, de-formation and the moisture damage resistance values of HMA which is mixed with RCA in varying proportions.. The Marshall mix design method was adopted in this study to determine the optimum binder content (OBC) for the asphalt mixes containing five aggregate combination with RCA contents of 0, 10, 20, 30 percent was found to be 5, 5.5, 6 percent which is optimum respectively.
Large quantities of natural aggregates (NA) are required in the manufacturing of asphalt mixtures for pavements. The extraction of NA generates high environmental impacts that negatively affect environmental preservation and conservation. Diverse alternative materials obtained in construction and demolition processes in civil construction worked have been studies as possible replacements for NA, with the purpose of reducing these environmental impacts. The foregoing study presents a state of knowledge review referring to the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) when these are used in the manufacturing of asphalt mixtures (mainly hot-mix asphalt HMA type). Environmental aspects are presented, as well as possible benefits and limitations of using RCA as replacements for NA in asphalt mixtures. However, it is not possible to establish a behavior pattern, since the characteristics of the RCA are very heterogeneous and vary from the original source of the concrete. It is highlighted from the literature that RCA has a wide potential for use in the manufacture of asphalt mixtures, since in most studies, the mixtures with these materials comply the quality requirements contemplated by the construction specifications, mainly in low-volume roads. Additionally, based on the literature review, some recommendations and suggestions are presented for future research. Effective management and handling of construction and demolition waste (CDW) can yield significant technical and environmental benefits for road pavement construction.

Vitamin deficiency constitutes a pervasive global health challenge affecting over two billion individuals worldwide, predominantly in resource-constrained regions where conventional diagnostic modalities remain inaccessible. Traditional biochemical assays, while accurate, necessitate invasive blood sampling, specialized laboratory infrastructure, and substantial financial investment, thereby precluding widespread deployment in primary healthcare settings. This paper presents a novel non-invasive diagnostic framework leveraging deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automated vitamin deficiency detection through multi-modal image analysis of dermatological and mucosal manifestations. The proposed system integrates advanced image preprocessing pipelines encompassing Gaussian filtering, histogram equalization, and Otsu thresholding-based segmentation to extract clinically salient features from images of fingernails, tongue, ocular conjunctiva, and integumentary tissue. A modified AlexNet architecture, implemented within the TensorFlow-Keras ecosystem, performs multi-class classification across five vitamin categories: A, B-complex, C, D, and E. The model achieves a classification accuracy of 92.4% on a heterogeneous dataset, surpassing conventional support vector machine (SVM) with gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features (79.5%) and spectral analysis methods (83.2%) by margins of 12.9% and 9.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the system incorporates a Flask-based web application architecture with MySQL database integration, enabling real-time diagnostic capabilities and administrative analytics. Comprehensive evaluation metrics including precision, recall, and F1-score demonstrate robust generalization across diverse demographic cohorts. The proposed framework offers a cost-effective, scalable, and clinically viable alternative to invasive biochemical testing, with significant implications for telemedicine and rural healthcare delivery.

Traditional Indian scriptures often encode psychological and physiological principles with in symbolic language. This review analyzes the opening verses (Doha 1- “Shri Guru Charan Saroj Raj, Nij Man Mukur Sudhari” and Doha 2-“Buddhiheen Tanu Janike, Sumirau Pavan Kumar”) of the Hanuman Chalisa through the lens of neuroscience, Ayurveda, and Yoga. The study correlates concepts such as humility, breath regulation, and focused awareness with neuroplasticity, autonomic regulation, and cognitive enhancement. It proposes an integrative model linking ancient wisdom with modern scientific understanding, highlighting its relevance in mental health and lifestyle disorders.

Inclusive classrooms aim to provide equitable learning opportunities for all learners, including those with hearing impairments. Innovative arts-based strategies offer powerful, multisensory approaches that enhance communication, engagement, and learning outcomes for these learners. This paper explores the use of visual arts, drama, movement, music vibrations, and creative expression as effective pedagogical tools to support learners with hearing impairments. Arts-based methods facilitate concept development, improve social interaction, and promote emotional expression by reducing reliance on auditory input and emphasizing visual, tactile, and kinesthetic experiences. Strategies such as visual storytelling, role play, and gesture-based drama, use of color and symbols, and rhythm through vibrations help in bridging communication gaps and fostering inclusion. The study highlights the role of teachers in adapting these strategies to meet diverse needs, ensuring accessibility, and creating a supportive learning environment. It also emphasizes collaboration among teachers, therapists, and families to maximize learning outcomes. Overall, arts-based strategies not only support academic learning but also enhance creativity, confidence, and participation of learners with hearing impairments in inclusive settings.

Ferns are one of the oldest groups of vascular cryptogams distributed widely in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world. Although they reproduce through spores and lack flowers and seeds, ferns possess remarkable ecological, medicinal, ornamental, nutritional, and industrial significance. Over the years, several species of ferns have contributed greatly to human welfare through their applications in medicine, agriculture, horticulture, environmental management, and traditional practices. Ferns also serve as bioindicators and play a significant role in soil conservation and ecosystem stability. Many aquatic ferns are used as biofertilizers and animal feed, while ornamental ferns dominate the global foliage plant market. Recent studies have highlighted the pharmaceutical potential of fern-derived compounds possessing antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The present review discusses the economic importance of ferns under various categories including medicinal value, ornamental uses, agricultural applications, edible importance, industrial utility, ecological services, phytoremediation potential, cultural significance, and research applications. The review also emphasizes the need for conservation and sustainable utilization of fern resources for future generations.

Remote work is one of the quickest evolutions from new normal which has drastically changed the business and financial ecosystem of technology companies globally. After the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic and the familiarity with digital communication technologies, many organizations adopted remote and hybrid working models to keep businesses running and building greater organizational agility. The study investigates how trends towards remote work influence the financial performance of technology firms, focusing on factors like employee productivity, operational cost reduction, digital collaboration efficiency, and overall profitability. The research is employing a quantitative research approach which uses primary data, collected through structured questionnaires and disseminated among employees and managers in the technology sector organizations. The data collected are analyzed through the mean analysis, correlation, and regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between remote work practices and financial performance indicators. Relevant theoretical frameworks, such as the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and Organizational Flexibility Theory, support the study that the remote work capability could have competitive advantage creation for organizations. It is likely that the findings will be that remote work has a positive impact on financial performance by reducing operational expenses, increasing employee flexibility, and improving digital efficiency. But effective communication, cybersecurity risks, the invasiveness of monitoring employees and organizational culture, if not managed well, could impact long-term performance adversely. The paper offers practical recommendations for tech companies to formulate successful remote work policies, build robust digital infrastructure, and upgrade employee engagement systems. The research also expands the limited academic literature on remote work and strategic finance management in the digital economy.

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (Family: Anacardiaceae), popularly known as marking nut or Bhallataka, is a deciduous tree native to the tropical regions of India that holds significant value in traditional medicine. However, the raw fruit pericarp contains highly corrosive phenolic compounds, primarily bhilawanols, which cause severe dermal blistering and systemic toxicity. Consequently, the crude drug cannot be used in its raw form and must undergo a meticulous traditional purification process called Shodhana or advanced laboratory fractionation to isolate its healing properties. Chemically, the plant is rich in toxic alkyl phenols, beneficial biflavonoids (e.g., jeediflavanone, semecarpuflavanone), anacardic acid, fixed oils, and sterols. Standardizing the extract involves strict quality control, including High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for active marker tracking and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to confirm the complete elimination of hazardous toxins. Once safely detoxified, Semecarpus anacardium exhibits profound therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and potential anticancer properties, alongside various industrial uses such as indelible dyes, varnishes, and natural wood preservatives. This article reviews the botanical source, cultivation, safety requirements, industrial processing, and diverse applications of this highly potent yet dual-natured crude drug.

Integrated Teacher Education Programs (ITEPs) have emerged as a strategic approach to develop well-rounded educators capable of handling diverse classroom contexts. By integrating pedagogical theory with practical teaching experience, ITEPs aim to bridge the traditional gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world classroom application. Despite their potential, the implementation of ITEPs faces numerous challenges, including curriculum design complexities, insufficient infrastructure, inadequate faculty preparedness, and student-related difficulties. This paper critically examines these challenges by synthesizing existing literature, highlighting systemic, institutional, and pedagogical barriers. The discussion underscores the necessity of targeted policy interventions, faculty development programs, and resource optimization to ensure the effectiveness of ITEPs. The findings serve as a guide for educational policymakers, teacher educators, and institutions seeking to enhance the quality of teacher education through integrated programs.

This study was undertaken to interrogate the economic recession on locally made foot wears in Aba, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using questionnaire and in-depth interview. Three critical variables were examined to determine which is one of them has the greatest impact on the shift in consumption pattern. The data revealed that the high cost of imported foot wears is driving consumers to buying locally made one. Over 80% of the respondents said that high cost made them to switch. The study also revealed that over 60% of the respondents were not given to buying locally made foot wears before the economic down-turn. The paper recommends that government should put in place measures to consolidate on the economic gains recorded. Stricter control over importation of foreign made foot wears should be enforced, while materials that are imported for the making of the foot wears should be subsidized in the interim, while local alternative should be sourced and developed in the long term.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution for reducing emissions and improving air quality. Wireless power transfer (WPT) can help extend the range of EVs by allowing them to charge dynamically or while parked. This report investigates the feasibility of WPT for EV charging, focusing on different technologies, system design, and performance validation. This project will investigate the feasibility of using WPT to charge EVs in dynamic and stationary applications. The report will focus on the following specific objectives: • To identify and evaluate the different WPT technologies that are suitable for EV charging. • To design and develop a WPT system for EV charging, taking into account the technical and economic constraints. • To conduct simulations and experiments to validate the performance of the proposed WPT system. The report is expected to make significant contributions to the field of WPT for EV charging. The project outcomes are expected to help in the development and commer cialization of WPT systems for EVs, which will play a key role in the transition to sustainable transportation.

An aerator is a modern device used in fish ponds to increase the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. Adequate oxygen is essential for the survival, health, and growth of fish. Aerators create water movement and break surface tension, allowing oxygen from the atmosphere to dissolve more easily into the water. They also help remove harmful gases such as ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
The Aerator Integrated IPRS (In-Pond Raceway System) is an advanced aquaculture technology in which raceway structures are constructed within a pond and aerators are used to maintain high oxygen levels. This system improves fish growth, productivity, and management while enhancing the efficiency, sustainability, and profitability of fish farming.

Background: The irrational use of antibiotics is a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an escalating threat to global public health. Periodic evaluation of hospital prescribing habits through observational research is vital to identify gaps in clinical practice and strengthen antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) initiatives.
Objective: To analyze current antibiotic prescribing patterns, assess adherence to standard treatment protocols, and classify drug utilization according to the WHO AWaRe framework.
Methods: A [e.g., six-month] observational study was conducted in the [e.g., General Medicine wards] of a tertiary care hospital. Patient demographics, clinical diagnoses, culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing rates, and detailed antimicrobial parameters were recorded using a standardized data collection form. Prescriptions were audited against [e.g., institutional / national] guidelines.

Inventory management plays a significant role in improving operational efficiency, cost control, and uninterrupted workflow in industrial organizations. Effective inventory practices help organizations maintain optimum stock levels, reduce wastage, avoid stock shortages, and enhance customer satisfaction. This study focuses on inventory management practices at Fathima Engineering Company Pvt. Ltd., a company engaged in installation, testing, and commissioning of electrical equipment for various industrial sectors. The study adopts a descriptive research design using both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected from employees through structured questionnaires to understand inventory handling practices, safety measures, stock monitoring systems, and operational challenges within the organization. The findings reveal that systematic inventory control improves material availability, minimizes operational delays, and supports efficient project execution. The study also highlights the importance of technology, safety protocols, warehouse coordination, and employee awareness in maintaining inventory efficiency. The research concludes that proper inventory planning and monitoring contribute significantly to organizational productivity and cost optimization. The study recommends strengthening digital inventory systems, conducting regular audits, and improving employee training to enhance overall inventory performance.

Human Resource (HR) documentation plays a significant role in ensuring an effective and transparent employee selection process in organizations. In the modern business environment, organizations are increasingly focusing on structured recruitment systems to improve hiring quality, reduce legal risks, and enhance organizational productivity. This article examines the importance of HR documentation in employee selection and analyzes how proper documentation practices contribute to fairness, compliance, and strategic human resource management. The study discusses different forms of HR documentation such as job descriptions, application forms, interview records, background verification reports, assessment sheets, and appointment records. The article also highlights the relationship between documentation quality and recruitment outcomes. The findings indicate that systematic HR documentation improves decision-making, minimizes bias, supports legal compliance, and strengthens organizational efficiency. The article concludes with recommendations for organizations to adopt digital HR documentation systems and standardized recruitment procedures.

This study assesses the eco-tourism potential of the Surguja Division in Chhattisgarh, India, a region renowned for its rich biodiversity, dense forests, tribal culture, and unique topography. Despite possessing abundant natural assets, including the Mainpat plateau, Ramgarh hills, pristine waterfalls, and wildlife sanctuaries, the region’s eco-tourism sector remains largely underdeveloped. This research evaluates specific geographical, ecological, and cultural sites to determine their viability for sustainable tourism development. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates field surveys, geospatial analysis (GIS), and stakeholder consultations, including local tribal communities, tourists, and government officials. This study investigates the visitor count in Surguja division, focusing on significant tourism attractions, seasonal variations, and the impact of infrastructure and accessibility. Surguja division is a popular tourist destination due to its magnificent beauty, rich culture, and historical significance. The analysis determines the busiest and slowest travel seasons and considers weather, local activities, connections, and other factors that influence how many people visit. The survey discovered that the area's stunning beauty, particularly the Mainpat hill station and the Surguja plateau's lush evergreen cover, attracts tourists from both India and other nations. It is also noticed that the flow of tourists is fully seasonal, with the greatest visitors coming between September and March and the least visitors coming during the summer and monsoon season. The findings reveal that while Surguja possesses high intrinsic potential for trekking, wildlife viewing, and cultural tourism, severe bottlenecks exist. These include inadequate transport infrastructure, limited accommodation, and a lack of trained local guides.

Vrikshayurveda is an ancient Indian system of plant science described in classical Sanskrit literature that focuses on horticulture, soil management, plant nutrition, irrigation practices, and natural plant protection methods. It reflects an early ecological understanding of agricultural systems, emphasizing harmony between soil, plants, climate, and biological processes. Classical texts such as Surapala’s Vrikshayurveda, Brihat Samhita, Arthashastra, and Upavana Vinoda describe several sustainable agricultural techniques including organic fertilization, seed treatment, irrigation management, and herbal plant protection strategies.⁴⁻¹⁰
This study presents a structured narrative review of Vrikshayurveda and critically examines its relevance in the context of modern sustainable and regenerative agriculture. Classical texts along with contemporary scientific literature (2000–2025) were analyzed using qualitative thematic synthesis. Recent studies have highlighted the scientific relevance of formulations like Kunapa Jala and traditional ecological farming systems in improving soil fertility and plant growth.¹⁻³
The findings suggest that Vrikshayurveda includes several eco-friendly agricultural practices such as fermented organic fertilizers (e.g., Kunapa Jala), plant-based pest management strategies, soil classification systems, and climate-adaptive cultivation techniques. These principles demonstrate conceptual similarities with modern agro-ecology, organic farming, and soil health management systems.¹⁻³
The study concludes that Vrikshayurveda represents a structured traditional ecological knowledge system that may contribute to sustainable agriculture, provided that its practices are validated through systematic scientific experimentation and field-based research.

Artificial Intelligence is increasingly changing the way organizations manage their human resources. HR departments now use AI technologies in activities such as recruitment, employee engagement, performance evaluation and workforce analytics. These technologies enable organizations to make faster, more reliable, and data-driven decisions. The present study examines the influence of Artificial Intelligence on Human Resource Management practices and analyzes how AI contributes to improving efficiency, productivity, and strategic decision-making within organizations.
Data for this study were gathered from HR professionals and employees working in technology-oriented organizations. The findings indicate four major HR areas where AI plays a significant role.

In today’s interconnected world, leadership cannot be understood without considering culture. The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Project is one of the highly comprehensive international research initiatives examining how cultural values inspire leadership styles and organizational success. Conducted across more than 60 societies, the project explores how deeply embedded beliefs, norms, and social expectations shape leadership behavior within organizations.
This paper examines how leadership styles and organizational cultures differ across countries and why those differences matter in practical business settings. By analyzing the nine cultural dimensions and six leadership dimensions identified by the GLOBE Project, the study highlights how culture affects managerial decision-making, employee engagement, and overall organizational performance. The paper also emphasizes the growing importance of cultural intelligence for managers working in multinational and multicultural environments.
Pioneers who understand ethics expectations better resourced to communicate effectively, motivate teams, and foster inclusive workplaces. In this way, the GLOBE framework serves not only as a theoretical model but also as a practical guide for developing effective global leadership competencies.

Driven by digital innovation, the gig economy has reshaped the modern labour market by presenting highly flexible alternatives to traditional employment. However, this shift resulted in the burden of financial stability directly onto the worker, who must deal with chronic income volatility and zero job security. This research paper explores that who are the people preferring these kinds of jobs, the volatile income challenges faced by these gig workers and track their financial management with these unsecured jobs. The findings of the study shows that mostly youth are preferring these kinds of jobs for a short period of time. Mostly of the gig workers are taking this jobs as freelancing not as a full-time job.

By releasing medications over an extended period of time, sustained release drug delivery systems (SRDDS) improve therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects and frequent dosing. These systems work well for medications with short half-lives or low solubility, offering continuous therapeutic advantages. Drug solubility, molecular size, rate of absorption, and metabolism all play a role in their design. Diffusion-based release, dissolution control, pH-sensitive systems, and osmotic pressure systems are common tactics that often make use of polymers. These systems are formed via production methods like granulation and extrusion. Constant medication levels, decreased patient compliance, and fewer adverse effects are benefits. Problems include sudden drug release (dose dumping), patient variability, and performance differences between the lab and the real world continue to exist. SRDDS keeps pushing for safer drug delivery methods in spite of all these challenges

“In 2009, on my way to work, I came upon a blind person struggling to cross the street. Though I helped him cross the street, I could sense the difficulties and dependence they eXperience in getting around. It encouraged me to use my eXpertise to create a smart device for people with disabilities so that their reliance on others might be eliminated. I tried this device on a visually impaired individual in my town, and based on his feedback, I made some changes to improve its effectiveness.

Melanocytic nevi (moles) are common, benign proliferation of pigment-producing melanocytes, arising from genetic and environmental factors (UV exposure). They typically appear as symmetric, well-demarcated, colored spots (brown, pink, blue) during childhood or adolescence. Even though they are usually benign, moles can act as indicators or precursor lesions to melanoma, thus monitor them is crucial. Melanocytic nevi are benign skin lesion; they come in a variety of sizes and colors. A person with dysplastic nevus syndrome typically has 100 or more moles, some of which are larger than normal or abnormal. This condition is mostly inherited. This frequently increases the chance of developing melanoma, a dangerous kind of skin cancer. Melanocytes that have undergone transformation give rise to melanoma, a skin cancer. UV-induced DNA damage is partly responsible for melanoma's greatest mutational burden of any malignancy. Radiation therapy is used to eradicate any cancer cells that remain after surgical resection of localized melanoma, which is "curable." Immunotherapies that inhibit immunological checkpoints and targeted treatments that target elements of the MAPK signaling cascade have demonstrated impressive clinical outcomes [2].

Imidazole-based heterocycles are a unique scaffold in medicinal chemistry because they may interact with a range of biological targets, coordinate metal ions, and generate hydrogen bonds. Imidazole derivatives are useful leads for drug development because they exhibit a wide range of biological actions, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anti-HIV properties. Unique interactions are made possible by the five-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms. In order to facilitate binding to enzymes and receptors, one nitrogen functions as a hydrogen bond acceptor and the other as a donor or metal ligand. The relevance of emerging hybrids in contemporary pharmacotherapy is highlighted by their potential in clinical trials for targeted medicines, such as imidazole-quinoline conjugates for malaria and anticancer drugs overcoming drug resistance. SAR trends for imidazole derivatives in drug design center on changing the substituents of the core five-membered ring to maximize potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetics.
[Imidazole, Hydrogen bonding, Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic, and Anti-HIV actions, Synthesis, SAR]

This study examined the influence of Artificial Intelligence on employee performance in the manufacturing firms in South-South Nigeria. Specifically, the study investigated the extent to which machine learning systems and smart production systems influence employee productivity and efficiency within manufacturing organizations. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The population of the study comprised 272 employees drawn from selected manufacturing firms in South-South Nigeria. Using the Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination formula, a sample size of 153 respondents was obtained. Data for the study were collected through a structured questionnaire, while descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis were used for data analysis with the aid of SPSS Statistics. The findings revealed that machine learning systems and smart production system significantly improve employee performance. The regression analysis showed a strong positive relationship between machine learning systems and employee performance (R = 0.830, R² = 0.688, p < 0.05) and smart production systems and employee performance with (R = 0.819, R² = 0.671, p < 0.05). Based on the findings, the study concluded that artificial intelligence-driven technologies significantly enhance employee productivity and efficiency in manufacturing firms. The study therefore recommended that manufacturing organizations should invest more in machine learning and smart production technologies, provide continuous employee training programmes, and strengthen technological infrastructure to improve operational efficiency and employee performance.

This paper aims at finding patterns of solutions in integers to quaternary quadratic diophantine equation given by .Substitution technique and factorization method are utilized to obtain varieties of integer solutions. It is worth to observe that the introduction of the transformations reduce the quadratic equation with four unknowns to solvable ternary quadratic equation. A few relations among the solutions are presented.

• Human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is on of the viruses that causes common cold (upper respiratory infection). It usually makes people only mildly sick but it can make some people very sick.
• The virus belongs to the family pneumoviridae of viruses, along with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv ).
• Only a few countries monitor and report traineds for hmpv, so we do not yet have full understanding of how it spread in all regions and climates .
• Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly described viral infection that accounts for a large proportion of cases previously relegated to ‘undiagnosed’ respiratory infections, particularly in young children.

REVIEW LITERATURE
1. Godhwani, Chhajed & Jain (2012)
This study focused on developing oral unit moulded calcium jelly as a novel dosage form for supplementation. The authors evaluated physicochemical properties, palatability, and stability of the jelly system. Results indicated improved patient compliance compared to tablets, particularly for pediatric and geriatric populations. The jelly demonstrated uniformity in calcium content, acceptable texture, and good shelf stability. The work highlighted the potential of semisolid moulded jellies as an alternative oral delivery system, combining ease of administration with nutritional supplementation. It set the foundation for further exploration of jelly based nutraceuticals and functional foods in pharmaceutical research.

2. Singh & Sharma (2015)
This paper introduced herbal jellies as a novel nutraceutical delivery system. The authors emphasized the advantages of jelly formulations, including improved taste, patient acceptability, and potential for incorporating bioactive herbal extracts. They discussed formulation techniques, stability considerations, and therapeutic applications. Herbal jellies were proposed as an innovative approach to deliver nutraceuticals like antioxidants, adaptogens, and immune boosters. The study concluded that such formulations could enhance compliance among children and elderly patients while offering a convenient alternative to capsules or powders. It highlighted the growing interest in functional confectionery as a nutraceutical platform.

3. Patel, Shah & Mehta (2016)
This research explored nutraceutical jelly formulations specifically designed for pediatric supplementation. The authors developed jelly systems incorporating essential vitamins and minerals, focusing on calcium and iron. The study evaluated taste masking, texture, and bioavailability. Results showed that jelly formulations improved palatability and compliance among children compared to conventional tablets or syrups. The work emphasized the importance of dosage accuracy, stability, and safety in pediatric nutraceuticals. The authors concluded that jelly based supplements could serve as an effective alternative for delivering essential nutrients to children, addressing issues of poor compliance and nutrient deficiencies.

4. Gupta & Mehta (2014)
This article reviewed calcium supplementation in functional foods, highlighting its importance in bone health and prevention of osteoporosis. The authors discussed various food matrices used for fortification, including dairy, beverages, and confectionery. They emphasized challenges such as calcium bioavailability, taste masking, and stability during processing. The paper suggested innovative delivery systems, including jellies and candies, as promising vehicles for supplementation. The authors concluded that functional foods enriched with calcium could play a significant role in public health nutrition, particularly for populations at risk of deficiency, while improving consumer acceptance through palatable formats.

The rapid growth of cyber threats and the increasing complexity of network attacks have made traditional intrusion detection systems insufficient for proactive security. Most existing systems focus only on detecting known attacks after they occur, offering limited support for early prediction and zero-day threat identification. This paper presents an advanced AI-based framework for intelligent cyber attack prediction and early threat detection. The proposed system integrates deep learning and machine learning techniques, including autoencoders for zero-day anomaly detection, Long Short- Term Memory (LSTM) networks for temporal attack prediction, and ensemble classifiers such as Random Forest and XGBoost for accurate attack classification. To enhance trust and transparency, an Explainable AI module using SHAP is incorporated to interpret model decisions. The framework is implemented as a web-based security system capable of real-time monitoring and alert generation. Experimental evaluation using the CICIDS 2017 dataset demonstrates improved detection accuracy, reduced false positives, and effective early threat prediction compared to existing approaches.

Globally, peptic ulcer disease is still a major cause of illness and mortality. About two-thirds of individuals with peptic ulcer disease do not exhibit any symptoms. Epigastric discomfort, which might be accompanied by dyspepsia, bloating, abdominal fullness, nausea, or early satiety, is the most typical sign of peptic ulcer disease in symptomatic patients. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, Helicobacter pylori infection, or both are linked to the majority of peptic ulcer disease cases. In this review, we address the role of proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, highlight the most recent recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori, and go over the most recent research on the treatment of peptic ulcer disease complications, such as endoscopic intervention for bleeding caused by peptic ulcers. In order to reduce related morbidity and mortality, prompt identification and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its aftereffects are essential, as is prevention of peptic ulcer disease in people at high risk, such as those with H. pylori infection and NSAID users.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the significant global metabolic disorders because of its rising prevalence, chronicity and long-term related complications impacting on various organ systems. Despite an extensive selection of synthetic antidiabetic medications on the market, the problem of long-term control of the disease is still problematic due to adverse effects, economic issues, and the fact that single-target drugs are not able to cope with the multifactorial pathophysiology of diabetes. In this regard, herbal drugs have gained increasing interest amongst scientists due to their historical applications in traditional medicines and their ability to alter a number of metabolic pathways at the same time. Many medicinal plants have been documented to have antidiabetic effects in a variety of biological processes such as controlling insulin secretion, enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity, controlling carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress. The glucose- lowering effect of various bioactive compounds of plants has been proved by experimental and clinical studies. This review critically analyzes herbal drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus with the focus on their phytochemical components, suggested mechanisms of action and available experimental and clinical data. The review, based on the combination of traditional and modern scientific discoveries, shows the therapeutic applicability, constraints, and future prospects of herbal drugs as complementary treatment in diabetes management.

Primary Agricultural Cooperative Credit Societies play an important role in providing rural credit and supporting agricultural development in Tamil Nadu. The study examines the performance and viability status of PACCS during the period 2013-2014 to 2022-2023. The study is based on secondary data collected from the reports of the National Federation of State Cooperative Bank Ltd. Trend analysis and percentage analysis were used for the study. The findings show that fluctuations are a viable PACCS and that dormant Societies increase in certain years. The study concludes that PACCS continue to support the rural cooperative credit system in Tamil Nadu despite facing operational and financial challenges.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent, systemic chronic autoimmune pathology characterized by progressive, symmetric synovial joint inflammation and diverse extra-articular manifestations affecting cardiovascular, pulmonary, and nervous systems. Driven by an intersection of environmental triggers and genetic factors,RA involves an intricate immune cascade where hyperactive T and B cells flood tissues with destructive master cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1. This process leads to chronic synovitis, aggressive pannus formation, and structural bone and cartilage erosion. Secondary neuroendocrine imbalances and hormonal deficiencies also contribute to this pathology.Diagnosis centers on localized small-joint swelling and prolonged morning stiffness lasting greater than six weeks, supported by elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR) and highly specific serological markers like anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor (RF). Early structural changes are monitored using ultrasound, MRI, and X-ray imaging.Management requires an early, aggressive, and multi-tiered pharmacological approach paired with physical therapy. While NSAIDs and glucocorticoids offer rapid, symptomatic pain and inflammation relief, systemic disease control relies on conventional non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)—anchored by Methotrexate. Patients refractory to standard therapies are escalated to targeted biologic DMARDs—which directly neutralize specific cytokines or immune cell signals (e.g., TNF-α inhibitors, rituximab, abatacept, tocilizumab)—or targeted synthetic JAK inhibitors. Timely, targeted therapeutic intervention remains vital to preventing permanent joint destruction and long-term disability.

Materiovigilance is vital for ensuring the safety, performance, and quality of medical devices through systematic monitoring of adverse events. With the increasing use of medical devices, the risk of device-related adverse events has grown substantially. India initiated the Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI) in 2015 to enhance post-marketing surveillance of medical devices. This review analyzes MvPI’s structure, regulatory framework, accomplishments, and challenges, including underreporting, limited awareness, and infrastructural constraints. To improve MvPI’s effectiveness, it is crucial to strengthen reporting systems, enforce regulations more rigorously, and incorporate digital technologies.

Women’s safety remains a critical issue even in today’s technologically advanced world. Despite legal and social improvements, incidents of harassment and violence against women continue to rise, especially in isolated and crowded places. Existing safety devices often require internet access or conscious manual activation, limiting their effectiveness in emergencies.This work proposes an IoT-based women safety system integrated into a handbag, featuring a hardware controller, Android app, and Bluetooth connectivity. With a single button press, alerts are sent to pre-registered contacts and police without requiring internet access. The system also includes a theft-alert feature for protecting personal belongings, heartbeat monitoring for health emergencies, and fingerprint authentication for secure device access. This solution aims to offer a reliable, real-time support system for women, enhancing both safety and health monitoring in a single compact device.

The practice school is the preliminary step of our project work, and I opt for Pharmacognosy as my major domain. The objective of practice school was to encourage a partnership and intellectual exchange between academic and industry.
The Practice School report contains 4 modules. The first Module includes introduction to the topic. It discusses the importance of herbal therapeutic agents and nutraceuticals in modern healthcare. Herbal medicines, derived from natural plant sources, are used as safer alternatives to synthetic drugs due to their therapeutic benefits and fewer side effects. The study explains traditional systems of medicine, phytochemicals, mechanisms of action, and synergistic effects of herbal formulations. It also highlights the role of nutraceuticals in disease prevention and management through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut health–supporting activities. Overall, the project emphasizes the growing clinical relevance, future potential, and challenges of herbal therapeutics and nutraceuticals in improving human health.

Business valuation is the process of estimating the economic value of a business or an owner’s interest in a company using a systematic set of procedures and financial techniques. It aims to determine the theoretical fair value of a firm, particularly in situations where assets or earnings may be overvalued or undervalued. Business valuation is widely used to determine the price that buyers and sellers are willing to pay or receive during transactions involving business sales, mergers, or restructuring.
Business valuation plays a crucial role in financial management by providing an objective and analytical assessment of a firm’s worth. It assists managers, investors, and other stakeholders in making informed decisions related to investment planning, capital structuring, mergers and acquisitions, performance evaluation, risk management, and long-term strategic planning. Valuation is also essential for purposes such as mergers and acquisitions, share transfer and insurance, insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings, income tax assessments, financial reporting, and strategic decision-making. In addition to estimating the selling price of a business, valuation techniques are frequently used by professional appraisers to resolve disputes related to estate and gift taxation, divorce litigation, and allocation of purchase price among business assets.
This study aims to analyze the concept, importance, and application of business valuation techniques with a focus on the three commonly used approaches: the Income Approach, the Market Approach, and the Cost (Asset-based) Approach. The Income Approach evaluates value based on the present value of expected future benefits, the Market Approach compares the firm with similar companies operating in the market, and the Cost Approach determines value based on the fair value of net assets. Special emphasis is placed on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method, which estimates business value by discounting projected future cash flows using an appropriate discount rate that reflects the firm’s risk profile.

Cranial nerve III palsy, commonly referred to as oculomotor nerve palsy, is a neurological disorder characterized by ptosis, diplopia, impaired ocular motility, and pupillary dysfunction. The condition may result from vascular, traumatic, compressive, inflammatory, or congenital causes. Oculomotor dysfunction significantly affects visual coordination, balance, mobility, and quality of life. Physiotherapy and neuro-rehabilitation interventions play an important role in improving ocular motor control, reducing disability, and promoting neuroplastic recovery. This review article discusses the anatomy, etiology, clinical features, assessment, and evidence-based physiotherapy management of cranial nerve III palsy.

The rising awareness and preference for natural and herbal products in skincare have led to a significant shift toward the development of cosmetics derived from plant-based ingredients. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate an herbal cold cream using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (commonly known as hibiscus) and Aloe vera, two botanicals recognized for their rich phytochemical profile and skin-beneficial properties. The primary objective was to create a cold cream that provides effective moisturization, nourishment, and protection to the skin, while minimizing the use of synthetic chemicals that often cause irritation and other side effects.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is widely known for its antioxidant, anti-aging, and natural exfoliating properties, due to the presence of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs). These components help in improving skin texture, promoting cell turnover, and reducing pigmentation. On the other hand, Aloe vera is revered in both traditional and modern skincare for its excellent moisturizing, soothing, anti-inflammatory, and healing abilities. It contains polysaccharides, vitamins, and enzymes that aid in skin hydration, repair, and rejuvenation.

In this study, herbal extracts were prepared using standardized procedures, and a cold cream formulation was developed using the emulsification technique. The cream base included common excipients such as emulsifying wax, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, and natural oils, blended in suitable proportions with the aqueous extracts of hibiscus and Aloe vera. The formulation was subjected to a series of evaluations to determine its physicochemical properties including pH, spreadability, viscosity, appearance, and homogeneity.

The final formulation showed an acceptable pH range suitable for topical application (close to skin's natural pH), smooth texture, pleasant fragrance, and high spreadability, indicating user comfort.

A crucial drug for lowering cholesterol and cardiovascular problems, lovastatin is frequently recommended. The stability, safety, and effectiveness of the pharmaceutical product may be impacted by a variety of contaminants that develop throughout the manufacturing, storage, and degrading processes. In order to identify, detect, characterize, and quantify these undesirable chemicals in pharmaceutical formulations, impurity profiling is essential. This study looks at the impurity profile of lovastatin using analytical methods such mass spectrometry, UV spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. To assess the stability behaviors of lovastatin and its associated impurities, stress degradation tests were conducted under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, and hydrolytic environments. Excellent precision, accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity for impurity identification were shown by the devised analytical approach.

One of the most advanced and therapeutically important medication delivery methods is pulmonary drug delivery. The pulmonary route is perfect for both local and systemic drug delivery because it provides unmatched access to the vast alveolar surface area (~140 m2), thin air–blood barrier (~0.2–0.5 μm), abundant vascularization, and avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism. The anatomical and physiological underpinnings of pulmonary medication delivery are methodically examined in this thorough overview, which also highlights the crucial role that aerosol particle properties like aerodynamic diameter, density, and shape play.the entire range of inhaler device technologies, including jet and mesh nebulizers, soft mist inhalers (SMIs), pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), and advanced formulation techniques like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, PLGA microspheres, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, and new exosome-based carriers. We also go over the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled medications, clinical uses in lung cancer, asthma, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), interstitial lung disease (ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and systemic diseases like diabetes. The use of artificial intelligence in device design, intelligent and stimuli-responsive delivery systems, regulatory frameworks controlling inhaled products, and important issues like mucociliary clearance, macrophage phagocytosis, patient adherence, and environmental sustainability are all given particular attention. An outlook for gene therapy, mRNA delivery, personalized medicine, and digital health integration is included in the review's conclusion. To assist researchers in creating this material, a carefully selected list of 50 foundational references is offered.

This study examined the relationship between gaming strategies and the components of the Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) framework, and their influence on pupils' mathematical performance in problem-solving and numerical operations among Grades 3–5 pupils in selected elementary schools in Maguindanao del Sur Division, Philippines. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed with 265 elementary school teachers as respondents, selected through complete enumeration. An adapted survey questionnaire measured gaming strategies across five dimensions — level of gaming integration, teaching method, game type, duration of gaming intervention, and game-based feedback — TaRL performance across five components — assessment, grouping, targeted instruction, foundation focus, and cost-effectiveness — and pupils' performance in problem-solving and numerical operations. Data were analyzed using mean, Spearman's rho correlation, and multiple linear regression. Results revealed that gaming strategies were Highly Committed (overall means: 4.45–4.50), TaRL components were Excellent (means: 4.44–4.52), and pupils demonstrated Excellent performance in both problem-solving (M = 4.46) and numerical operations (M = 4.43). Spearman's rho revealed highly significant positive relationships between all gaming strategy dimensions and both performance measures (rho = 0.910–0.960, all p < 0.001), and between all TaRL components and performance (rho = 0.945–0.982, all p < 0.001). Regression analysis confirmed gaming strategies explain 96.2% of variance in problem-solving (F = 1,294.942) and 94.2% in numerical operations (F = 842.746). TaRL components explained 98.8% of variance in problem-solving (F = 4,080.573) and 98.5% in numerical operations (F = 3,149.633). Duration of gaming intervention, teaching method, and level of integration were primary predictors of problem-solving; duration and integration level predicted numerical operations, while teaching method showed a negative effect.

This qualitative study employed focus group methodology and narrative inquiry to explore cultural narratives of diligence and shared beliefs around work ethic among Ghanaian workers. Drawing upon Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1966) and Ubuntu Philosophy (Gyekye, 1997), the study conducted six focus group sessions with 38 participants drawn from public sector, private sector, and informal economy contexts across Accra, Kumasi, and Tema. Focus group discussions were guided by open-ended questions and storytelling prompts designed to elicit personal narratives, inherited beliefs, and observed contradictions around work values. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Five overarching themes emerged from the data: religious and spiritual narratives of diligence; ancestral and intergenerational work stories; economic necessity as the primary driver of work behaviour; communal work values and collective obligation; and generational tensions over shifting definitions of diligence. Participants' narratives revealed a rich yet contradictory cultural landscape in which deeply held beliefs about the moral virtue of hard work coexist with pragmatic survival strategies, communal obligations that sometimes conflict with individual ambition, and intergenerational disagreements about what constitutes genuine diligence in contemporary Ghana. The study contributes to understanding of Ghanaian work culture by foregrounding the lived narratives through which workers construct, transmit, and contest work values, offering insights relevant to organisational behaviour, human resource management, and national development discourse in Ghana.

The seminar determined the influence of emerging technologies on the performance of micro-business enterprises in Ebonyi State. The objectives of the study were to determine the influence of blockchain technology on the performance of micro-business enterprises in Ebonyi State; influence of biotechnology on the performance of micro-business enterprises in Ebonyi State; and the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on the performance of micro-business enterprises in Ebonyi State. Three research questions and three null hypotheses were formulated from the specific objectives to guide the study. The population of the study consisted of registered micro-business owners and operators in Ebonyi State. These include individuals involved in agro-processing, retail services, tech-enabled services, local food production, and other small-scale enterprises that operate with minimal capital and workforce. A sample size of 120 respondents was drawn from the study population using a multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled “Emerging Technologies and Micro-Business Performance Questionnaire (ETMBPQ)”. The instrument was validated by three experts from the Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Management, and reliability established which yielded the reliability index of 0.84. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The descriptive statistics such as mean scores and percentages were used to answer the research questions. A benchmark mean of 2.50 was used as the cut-off for decision-making. However, inferential statistics including the Chi-square test of independence and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The revealed that blockchain technology, biotechnology and AI significantly influence (p<0.05) the performance of micro-business enterprises in Ebonyi State. The study recommended among other things that Government agencies, NGOs, and business development centers should provide training programs to improve digital literacy and raise awareness about blockchain, biotechnology, and AI applications among micro-entrepreneurs.

The purpose of this research is to understand how they acquired the high and medium level of the competencies the research on the academic teachers was conducted. The goal of the research was to find out whether the scope and field of research of the FEM academics is correspondent with competencies of the future and fully and synergistically supports development of competencies of students. The methodology of the research included surveys and analysis of the results with VOSviewer software. The scientific profile of the Department of Educational Planning and Management covers the aspects of human factor, safety, logistics and entrepreneurship which are consistent with the structure of the Department and courses provided for students. The research topics are overlapping and integrating between the Institutes which prove that the cooperation and internal integration at the Department is at the high level and has strong potential, equipping students with full and coherent knowledge. The research topics respond to the needs of business environment, which is also proven by strong cooperation between the Department and companies in Wielkopolska (large companies, representing automotive industry, SMEs and start-ups). They are also correspondent to contemporary trends in scientific methods (i.e., simulation, grey methods), approaches (i.e., sustainability, responsibility, maturity), and solutions (i.e., agile organization, Industry 4.0). Practical Implications: The research results show that the competencies of the students are shaped by the academic teachers representing wide range of scientific knowledge and contemporary topics of research, thus supporting acquiring competences of the future. The research conducted is valuable from internal perspective, helping the society of the Department understand better what the scope is and profile of research conducted, what are the opportunities of fruitful and innovative scientific cooperation, and what are the areas still not covered. It supported development of the Department of Educational Planning and Management strategy and definition of future research fields, even more responding to the social, economic, and technical challenges of contemporary world. Considering the external perspective, the research helped to define and communicate the profile of the Department, showing its specificity and strengths, together with potential offer for companies and other universities to support cooperation with both academia and business.

This study examined the relationship between vocabulary complexity and item difficulty and assessed whether teachers’ perceptions align with empirical evidence derived from statistical item analysis. Anchored in the field of Educational Measurement, the study adopted a mixed-methods design involving quantitative analysis of 12 test items and questionnaire responses from 38 teachers complemented by qualitative interpretation of teachers’ perceptions. Item difficulty was computed using Item Analysis, while vocabulary complexity was measured through a structured rubric focusing on lexical demand and linguistic features. The findings from Pearson correlation analysis revealed a weak and non-significant relationship between vocabulary complexity and item difficulty (r = 0.24, p = 0.420), indicating that vocabulary complexity is not a strong predictor of item difficulty. However, teachers strongly perceived vocabulary complexity and related linguistic features as major determinants of item difficulty, revealing a discrepancy between perception and empirical evidence. The study concludes that item difficulty is influenced more by cognitive demand, conceptual understanding and item structure than by vocabulary factor alone, the overreliance on vocabulary complexity may threaten Construct Validity in assessment practices.

Language is one of the most fundamental tools through which human beings acquire, structure, and transmit knowledge. Literature, as a refined expression of language, preserves cultural memory and intellectual traditions. In the Indian context, Sanskrit and regional languages have historically contributed to philosophy, science, social thought, and artistic expression. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recognizes linguistic diversity and promotes multilingual education as a means of strengthening cognitive development and cultural rootedness. This paper examines the relationship between language, literature, and knowledge, focusing on the role of Sanskrit and regional languages within the framework of NEP 2020. It analyses policy provisions such as mother-tongue instruction, the three-language formula, and the integration of Indian Knowledge Systems. The study argues that strengthening Indian languages is essential for inclusive education and sustainable knowledge development.

Environmental toxicology and human health risks are closely interconnected fields that examine how exposure to environmental contaminants affects human well-being and ecosystem stability. Environmental toxicology focuses on the study of toxic substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and air pollutants and their effects on biological systems. These substances can enter the human body through air, water, soil, or food, leading to acute and chronic health problems including respiratory disorders, cancers, reproductive issues, and neurological impairments. The magnitude of health risks depends on factors such as exposure level, duration, and individual susceptibility. Advances in toxicological assessment, biomonitoring, and risk evaluation have improved the ability to detect hazardous compounds and predict their impacts on public health. Furthermore, integrating environmental monitoring with regulatory frameworks helps in setting safety standards and mitigating exposure risks. Promoting awareness, enforcing pollution control measures, and encouraging the use of green technologies are critical steps toward reducing toxic burdens on both humans and the environment. Ultimately, environmental toxicology provides the scientific foundation for safeguarding health and ensuring a cleaner, safer, and more sustainable future.

Chit fund companies have become an important part of the Indian financial system by providing financial assistance, savings opportunities, and credit facilities to people from different economic backgrounds. In many rural and semi-urban areas, chit funds act as an alternative financial source for individuals who may not have easy access to banks or other formal financial institutions. The traditional nature of chit funds, combined with their flexibility and accessibility, has made them popular among middle-income and lower-income groups. Chit fund companies encourage the habit of regular savings while also offering members an opportunity to obtain funds during emergencies, business needs, educational expenses, and personal requirements.
The financial performance of chit fund companies plays a major role in determining their stability, efficiency, and long-term sustainability. Financial performance analysis helps in evaluating how effectively these companies utilise their financial resources, manage risks, maintain liquidity, and generate profits. A financially strong chit fund company can build customer confidence, attract more subscribers, and ensure smooth operational activities. On the other hand, weak financial management may lead to losses, customer dissatisfaction, and financial instability. Therefore, analysing the financial position of chit fund companies is essential for understanding their operational success and growth potential.
The study is based on both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data may be collected through questionnaires, interviews, and direct interaction with employees, customers, and management of chit fund companies. Secondary data may be gathered from annual reports, company financial statements, journals, websites, books, research articles, and government publications. Various financial tools and ratio analysis methods can be used to interpret the collected data and derive meaningful conclusions regarding the financial condition of the companies.
The study also highlights the various challenges faced by chit fund companies, such as increasing competition from banks and non-banking financial institutions, customer awareness issues, regulatory compliance, risk of subscriber default, and economic uncertainties. Understanding these challenges is important for improving the operational and financial efficiency of chit fund companies. The study provides useful suggestions and recommendations for strengthening financial management practices, improving transparency, adopting digital systems, and enhancing customer trust.

The present study aims to analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of topsoil (15-30 cm depth) in Subhash Nagar, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India, for environmental assessment. Topsoil is the most active and productive layer of soil, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling, plant growth, and ecological balance. Soil samples were collected from selected sites within the study area and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Key parameters such as soil texture, moisture content, bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, and essential nutrients including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and B) were determined. The results indicated that the topsoil is generally slightly acidic to neutral in nature, with low to moderate electrical conductivity, suggesting non-saline conditions. Organic carbon content was found to be moderate, reflecting fair biological activity and fertility status. Macronutrient analysis revealed variable levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while micronutrient concentrations were mostly within acceptable limits, with minor deficiencies in some locations. The observed variations in soil properties are influenced by land use practices, organic matter content, and anthropogenic activities. The study concludes that the topsoil of Subhash Nagar exhibits moderate fertility and stable environmental conditions, making it suitable for agricultural and ecological purposes with proper soil management. The findings serve as baseline data for environmental monitoring, soil conservation, and sustainable land use planning in the region.

The phenomenon of polypharmacy, involving the concomitant consumption of five or more medications, has emerged as a mounting concern in the domain of global health care, especially amongst individuals 65 years and older. In this extensive literature review, over 60 research articles, peer-reviewed and published within the timeframe of 1990 to 2024, have been collated to elucidate the underlying aspects related to the epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, clinical implications, and management strategies of polypharmacy within the elderly population. The incidence of polypharmacy within the elderly cohort spans between 20% and 67%, primarily fueled by the presence of several comorbidities, disjointed healthcare service delivery, and the lack of prescribing guidelines specific to geriatric medicine.Additional impacts related to the alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in older patients result in an increased risk due to medication use. Potentially inappropriate medicines (PIMs), according to Beers criteria and STOPP/START screening tool, are frequently used regardless of the existing scientific evidence about their harmful effects on older adults' health. The practice of deprescribing, or systematic reduction or elimination of inappropriate medicines, has already been shown to be effective clinically and economically. Multidisciplinary approaches to medicines review, patient-oriented care, decision support technologies, and pharmacogenomics are prospective ways to optimize prescribing practices.

Training institutions collect a large volume of student data every day, yet much of it rarely informs strategic decisions about learning or employability. This study explores how Business Analytics can close that gap at Trishana Technologies, Chennai — an IT training institute offering programmes in Data Analytics, Python, Power BI, and Full Stack Development. Data was gathered from 100 students through a structured questionnaire and supplemented by institutional records covering attendance, weekly test scores, and placement reports. Using Percentage Analysis, Pearson Correlation, Chi-Square testing, and One-Way ANOVA — processed in Microsoft Excel, Power BI, and SPSS — the study uncovers several meaningful patterns. Attendance and test scores share a moderate positive relationship (r = 0.68), and the Chi-Square test confirms that academic performance significantly influences placement success (χ² = 16.66, p < 0.05). ANOVA further reveals that Analytics students consistently outperform their peers across other course categories (F = 4.50, p < 0.05). Overall, 65% of the surveyed students secured employment, underscoring the practical value of the institute's training approach. The findings offer concrete, visualization-supported recommendations that institutions can act on to improve both academic outcomes and placement rates.

This review focuses on impurity profiling and analytical characterization of ketoconazole, an imidazole antifungal drug, with emphasis on pharmaceutical impurities, analytical techniques, and forced degradation studies. Pharmaceutical impurities, including organic impurities, inorganic impurities, residual solvents, and elemental impurities, significantly influence the safety, efficacy, and stability of drug products. The study discusses impurity classification according to ICH and USP guidelines, sources of elemental impurities, and the importance of impurity control in pharmaceutical quality assurance and regulatory compliance. Various analytical and characterization techniques such as UV spectroscopy, FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, HPLC, TLC, GC, and hyphenated techniques like LC–MS and GC–MS are reviewed for impurity detection and identification. Ketoconazole was selected as the drug of choice, and a validated RP-HPLC method was employed for its analysis and stability studies. Method validation parameters including specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, LOD, and LOQ were successfully established according to ICH guidelines. Impurity profiling identified major impurities such as deacetyl ketoconazole, trans-ketoconazole, and 4-nitrophenyl acetate using spectroscopic methods. Forced degradation studies under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal conditions demonstrated that ketoconazole undergoes degradation under stress, with thermal degradation showing the highest impurity formation. The study concludes that impurity profiling and stability-indicating analytical methods are essential for ensuring the quality, safety, and therapeutic effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.

Overview of Personalized Medicine in Oncology Personalized medicine in oncology, also known as precision oncology, is a modern approach to cancer care that customizes treatment based on the unique characteristics of each patient and their specific type of cancer. This approach goes beyond traditional treatments, which often follow standardized protocols for all patients with the same type of cancer.
Key Principles
1. Genetic and Molecular Profiling Tumors are analyzed at the genetic and molecular levels to identify mutations, gene expressions, or biomarkers that drive cancer growth. Common examples include mutations in genes such as EGFR, HER2, BRCA1/2, and KRAS.
2. Targeted Therapies 8 Treatments are selected that specifically target abnormal proteins or pathways in cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Examples include HER2-targeted therapy in breast cancer, EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer, and BRAF inhibitors in melanoma.
3. Immunotherapy Uses the patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Personalized immunotherapies, such as CAR T-cell therapy, involve modifying a patient’s T-cells to better fight their specific cancer.
4. Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers Predictive biomarkers help determine which patients are likely to benefit from a specific treatment. Prognostic biomarkers provide information on the overall cancer outcomes of patients, regardless of therapy.
5. Pharmacogenomics The study of how a patient’s genes affect their response to drugs, helping to avoid ineffective treatments and reduce the side effects.
6. Importance of Drug Formulations in Oncology Treatment Efficacy In oncology, drug formulation plays a vital role in determining the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of cancer treatment. Cancer drugs often have narrow therapeutic windows and high toxicity; therefore, careful formulation is essential to optimize their performance.

Introduction: Sulphur is an essential macronutrient involved in amino acid synthesis, redox balance, and detoxification. In Ayurveda, it is known as Gandhaka and is therapeutically used after Śodhana to improve safety and efficacy. However, its chemical behaviour and pharmacological relevance require better integration with modern science.
Methods: This integrative review compiled data from authenticated databases, including PubMed and peer-reviewed journals. Information on sulphur sources, oxidation states, thermal behaviour, Śodhana-induced changes, and pharmacological activities was analysed.
Results: Sulphur occurs in animal, plant, inorganic, and environmental sources, mainly in reduced and oxidized forms. Its behaviour varies with oxidation state and temperature, showing structural transformations at higher temperatures. Śodhana significantly improves purity, particle size, and safety profile. Sulphur-containing compounds like triterpenoid thiane and gamma lactone exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities through mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis induction.
Discussion: Sulphur’s biological and therapeutic effects depend on its chemical form and processing. Śodhana enhances its pharmacological properties, aligning traditional practices with modern scientific understanding.
Conclusion: Sulphur has significant nutritional and therapeutic value. Śodhana improves its safety and efficacy, while sulphur compounds show promising potential in modern drug development.

Load forecasting in power systems is crucial for efficient operation, planning, and management of electricity supply. This review paper examines various methodologies employed in load forecasting, ranging from traditional statistical approaches to advanced deep learning and hybrid models. We analyze at least 25 research papers, categorizing them based on their techniques, applications, and contributions. Key challenges such as data uncertainty, integration of renewable energy sources, and computational complexity are discussed, along with future directions including the use of AI-driven federated learning and real-time adaptive models. The review highlights the evolution of forecasting accuracy and the role of emerging technologies in addressing futuristic demand response patterns.

This qualitative phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of the Ghanaian work ethic among diaspora Ghanaians living abroad and returnees who have come back to Ghana, with particular focus on how work values, attitudes, and behaviours are maintained, adapted, or transformed across cultural contexts. Drawing upon Cultural Continuity Theory (Berry, 2005) and Acculturation Theory (Sam & Berry, 2010), the study recruited 24 participants comprising 12 Ghanaian diaspora members living in the United Kingdom, United States, and Germany, and 12 returnees who had lived abroad for at least five years and returned to Ghana within the past three to ten years. Participants completed in-depth semi-structured interviews exploring their experiences of Ghanaian work values in their countries of residence, perceived differences between Ghanaian and host-country work cultures, strategies for navigating cultural mismatches, and changes in their own work ethic upon returning to Ghana. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), yielding six superordinate themes: (1) The Core of Ghanaian Work Ethic: Communalism, Respect for Hierarchy, and Relational Networking; (2) Culture Shock in Reverse: The Clash between Ghanaian Relationalism and Western Individualism; (3) Strategic Adaptation without Identity Surrender; (4) The Returnee Reintegration Paradox; (5) Temporal Horizons: Present-Oriented versus Future-Oriented Work Cultures; and (6) Leveraging Dual Cultural Competence as Competitive Advantage. Findings reveal that Ghanaian work ethic is characterised by strong relational orientation, respect for seniority, collective responsibility, and informal networking as a primary mechanism for career advancement. Diaspora Ghanaians experience significant cultural dissonance when encountering Western work cultures prioritising individualism, time efficiency, task orientation, and formal meritocracy. Most participants adopt a strategic adaptation approach, modifying behavioural expressions of work ethic while maintaining core values. Returnees experience a particularly difficult reintegration, as they are perceived simultaneously as culturally foreign and expected to have been transformed by their diaspora experience. Participants consistently leveraged their dual cultural competence as a career advantage. These findings inform diaspora engagement policy, returnee reintegration programmes, and cross-cultural workplace training.

Hyperinflation has been a perennial and persistent economic challenge in Nigeria, undermining purchasing power and causing hardship for the citizenry, destabilizing financial markets and eroding public confidence in monetary policy regimes. Inflation targeting, a monetary policy framework adopted globally, offers a potential remedy by explicitly focusing on maintaining low and stable inflation through central bank interventions. This paper examines the relevance, applicability, and potential outcomes of inflation targeting in Nigeria. Using historical data, theoretical frameworks, and comparative case studies, the study argues that a structured inflation targeting regime could serve as an effective tool to mitigate hyperinflation and foster economic stability. It also highlights the necessary institutional, fiscal, and communication strategies that are critical for successful implementation.

This study examines the relationship between regional integration under the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and inclusive growth in West Africa within the broader conceptual framework of the New International Economic Order (NIEO). Using panel data for ECOWAS member states over the period 2000–2024, the study employs Fixed Effects (FE), Random Effects (RE), and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation techniques to capture both static and dynamic relationships while addressing potential endogeneity concerns. The findings reveal that regional integration exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on inclusive growth, although the magnitude of the impact is modest. Control variables such as human capital, gross capital formation, and infrastructure are also found to significantly enhance inclusive growth, while inflation negatively affects it. The results suggest that regional integration alone is insufficient to drive inclusive development without complementary domestic policies and structural improvements. Diagnostic tests confirm the robustness and validity of the estimated models, including the absence of second-order autocorrelation and the appropriateness of the instruments used in the GMM framework. The study concludes that ECOWAS integration contributes to inclusive growth, but its effectiveness depends on the quality of institutions, macroeconomic stability, and investment in critical development sectors. Policy recommendations emphasize deeper implementation of trade protocols, infrastructure development, human capital investment, and stronger regional coordination. By situating ECOWAS within the NIEO discourse, the paper highlights the potential of regional integration as a tool for reducing global and regional inequalities while promoting sustainable and inclusive economic development in West Africa.

Healthcare institutions across India and specifically in the state of Chhattisgarh are confronted with a persistent challenge — the widening gap between patient expectations and the actual service delivered. This research paper investigates the nature and dimensions of service quality gaps in healthcare institutions in Chhattisgarh using a secondary data-based analytical approach. The conceptual foundation of this study rests on the SERVQUAL model originally developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1988), which identifies five key dimensions of service quality: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Drawing upon secondary data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21), Rural Health Statistics (2021-22), National Health Mission (NHM) reports, and published research studies, this paper examines the structural, operational, and perceptual gaps that characterise healthcare service delivery in Chhattisgarh.
The findings reveal significant gaps across all five SERVQUAL dimensions, with the most critical shortfalls observed in tangibility (infrastructure and equipment), reliability (consistent service delivery), and responsiveness (timely care). Chhattisgarh faces a shortage of 279 doctors at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) alone, while Community Health Centres (CHCs) in the state report a specialist shortfall exceeding 79.5 percent. Additionally, rural and tribal populations — constituting a significant portion of Chhattisgarh's 33 million inhabitants — continue to experience disproportionately poor access to quality healthcare. The study identifies systemic barriers including inadequate physical infrastructure, workforce shortages, cultural resistance, and financial constraints as primary drivers of the service quality gap. This paper further proposes actionable recommendations for policymakers, hospital administrators, and health planners. By situating Chhattisgarh within the broader discourse on healthcare quality in emerging economies, this study contributes to the growing body of literature on patient-centerd care and service excellence in the Indian public health context.

Euthanasia represents one of the most multifaceted dilemmas in modern bioethics, bridging the gap between individual autonomy and the state's obligation to protect life. While medical advancements have enabled the artificial extension of biological functions, they have simultaneously complicated the definition of a "natural" death (Kovács, 2006). This paper explores the legal landscape of end-of-life decisions, focusing on the Hungarian framework and the influential Karsai v. Hungary case (2024). By synthesizing legal precedents, medical ethics, and palliative care alternatives, we argue that the quality of death is as significant as the quality of life in a just society. The analysis further examines the "slippery slope" argument, the principle of double effect in terminal sedation, and the role of death literacy in providing a dignified departure (Muszbek, 2010). The research concludes that the rigid dichotomy between active and passive euthanasia requires a nuanced re-evaluation in the age of neurodegenerative diseases.

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of an herbal anti-acne gel containing Aloe vera and Turmeric extract. Acne is a common skin disorder caused by excess sebum production, bacterial infection, inflammation, and blockage of hair follicles. Herbal formulations are widely preferred due to their safety, effectiveness, and minimal side effects compared to synthetic preparations. In this study, aloe vera and turmeric extracts were incorporated into a gel base using suitable gelling agents and excipients to prepare a topical anti-acne formulation.
The prepared gel was evaluated for various parameters such as appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, washability, extrudability, and antimicrobial activity. The formulation showed good physical stability, smooth texture, acceptable pH, and satisfactory spreadability. Aloe vera provided soothing, moisturizing, and wound-healing properties, while turmeric exhibited antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities against acne-causing microorganisms. The combined effect of both herbal ingredients demonstrated significant potential in reducing acne and skin irritation.

Terminalia arjuna is a plant recognized in Ayurveda for its use in treating heart-related issues and inflammation. The plant's bark is rich in various biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, glycosides, and polyphenols, all of which play a role in its medicinal effectiveness. Contemporary pharmacological studies have confirmed its traditional uses and have shown noteworthy protective effects on the heart, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The heart-protective effects of T. arjuna primarily involve enhanced heart muscle function, decreased oxidative stress, and the regulation of fat metabolism. Its ability to combat oxidative stress is linked to its capacity to neutralize free radicals and boost natural antioxidant enzymes, while its anti-inflammatory properties result from the reduction of inflammatory cytokines and the blocking of cyclooxygenase pathways. This review provides an overview of the plant's chemistry, pharmacological effects, mechanisms by which it operates, and its importance in treating heart and inflammatory diseases.

The Krishak Bharati Co-operative Limited, a government fertilizer plant, faces a variety of hazards due to its processing of numerous chemicals, including natural gas and hydrogen sulphide. To mitigate risks, KRIBHCO uses quantitative risk analysis (QRA) to estimate potential risks from hazardous scenarios and conducts consequence modelling using PHAST software. Recommendations for risk reduction are based on the analysis of individual and societal risk levels compared to unacceptable standards. Particularly in India's chemical sector, which sustains the country's largely agrarian population, quantitative risk analysis (QRA) is emphasized as a reliable technique for risk reduction. Because it processes a variety of chemicals, including hydrogen sulphide and natural gas, the government fertilizer factory Krishak Bharati Co-operative Limited confronts a number of risks. KRIBHCO uses PHAST software for consequence modelling and QRA to predict possible hazards from hazardous scenarios in order to reduce risks. The examination of society and individual risk levels in comparison to unacceptable criteria forms the basis of risk reduction recommendations.

Plastics are widely used polymers valued for their durability, light weight, low cost, and versatility across packaging, construction, healthcare, and consumer goods. Global plastic production continues to rise, with projections reaching 1.1 billion tons by 2050, leading to massive accumulation of polymer waste in municipal and industrial streams. Because synthetic plastics are largely non-biodegradable, improper disposal poses serious environmental and health risks, including soil and water contamination, air pollution from incineration, and the release of toxic additives such as bisphenol A, phthalates, and dioxins into ecosystems and the food chain. This review outlines the main sources of plastic waste—industrial scrap and post-consumer domestic waste and evaluates common disposal methods, including landfilling, incineration, and recycling. Landfilling consumes valuable land and risks leachate contamination, while incineration recovers energy but emits hazardous pollutants. Recycling, encompassing mechanical, chemical, and biological processes, offers the most environmentally sound approach by conserving resources, reducing CO₂ emissions, and diverting waste from landfills and oceans. Emerging technologies such as pyrolysis, plasma gasification, and photocatalytic decomposition show promise for converting waste into fuels and value-added products. The review also addresses the health consequences of plastic exposure, particularly through food, water, and inhalation pathways, linking additives like bisphenol A to endocrine disruption, cancer, and reproductive disorders. Effective waste management requires reducing plastic generation at the source, improving collection and recycling infrastructure, and adopting the 3R principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle. With stronger policy support and technological advances, recycling can become both an environmental solution and an economic opportunity in construction, manufacturing, and design sectors.

This chapter talks about the rights of women in India. The constitution gives equal rights to men and the women, but in reality many women still fac problems like less education, early marriage, and violence. The chapter explains important laws made for women’s safety and equality, like the rights to education and equal pay. It also tells why just making laws is not enough. Society must change its thinking. The chapter ends by saying that when women get equal rights, the whole country develops faster. This chapter examines the evolution of women’s rights from a framework of protection to one of participation. It traces key legal milestones, including the Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005, the Criminal law Amendment 2013, and the recent Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam 2023.The chapter argues that legal rights alone are insufficient without social reform and economic empowerment. The goal is to move from “giving” rights to “claiming” them.

Due to globalization and modernization, the world is running out of time every single day. People have become technically advanced but they are struggling to manage their day-to-day tasks due to busy schedules and fixed 24 hours of the day. This has deteriorated their quality of life. Everyone wants to run a race of achieving more and more by compromising on the important aspects that determine the true quality in life. The study aims to review the researches carried out in different domains of quality of life (physical, psychological, social, emotional, health and environment), the number of studies conducted in each domain and the year-wise study of their number in different domains. The review analysis of 23 papers related to above domains was done. The findings of the study showed that the quality of life is a complex of all these domains, most focused domain of the study by researchers is the physical domain and the least focused domain is the emotional domain. The time period of 2020-2023 showed maximum number of studies done in almost all domains except emotional and health domain. The results of the study suggest that the researchers should focus more on emotional and health domain of students which are as important as other domains.

Polymers are used extensively in manufacturing and household products, but because they may burn in solid, liquid, and gas phases, they present a serious fire risk. Polymer fires can be made worse by conventional firefighting techniques, which release poisonous and combustible fumes. Because it displaces oxygen and lowers flame temperature, a water mist fire suppression system is the most effective; nevertheless, its effectiveness depends on droplet size and pressure. The tuning of nozzle parameters for efficient fire extinguishment is informed by testing polymer behaviour using burning rate tests and decomposition temperature using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). According to experimental results, effective extinguishment depends on nozzle placement and design in addition to pressure, which eventually shortens extinguishment times and uses less water.

Coal-fired thermal power stations release nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are important air pollutants that contribute to environmental problems like acid rain and photochemical smog. In compliance with Indian environmental standards, this research study evaluates Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) technology as a post-combustion technique to reduce NOx emissions from pulverized coal boilers. Technical viability, operational details, performance metrics, environmental effects, economic considerations, and implementation challenges—particularly with regard to the emission standards established by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986—are important areas of assessment. A comprehensive technical examination and comparison with alternative techniques, such as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), are included in the research, which concludes that SNCR provides an affordable way to achieve moderate NOx reduction while maintaining operational

Agricultural automation has become a critical need in addressing the global challenges of labor shortage, inconsistent productivity, and inefficient resource utilization. This research paper presents the design and development of an IoT-powered farming robot capable of performing smart seeding, automated watering, and remote field monitoring. The proposed system integrates IoT sensors, microcontrollers, and wireless communication modules to gather and analyze real-time environmental data such as soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. Based on the collected data, the robot intelligently controls the seeding and irrigation processes to optimize crop growth conditions.
The robot is designed to operate autonomously with minimal human intervention, while farmers can remotely monitor its activities through a cloud-based dashboard or mobile application. This connectivity enables effective decision-making and real-time alerts in case of abnormal field conditions. The integration of IoT with robotics enhances precision agriculture by reducing manual labor, conserving water, and improving crop yield. Experimental results demonstrate the system’s efficiency, scalability, and potential for large-scale implementation in smart farming environments. The study highlights how IoT-driven automation can promote sustainable agriculture and strengthen the future of digital farming.

The rapid proliferation of hyper-realistic synthetic media, commonly known as deepfakes, has emerged as a critical threat to information integrity, cybersecurity, and social trust. Traditional deepfake detection methods, primarily based on unimodal deep learning architectures, have shown vulnerability to novel generation techniques, compression artifacts, and adversarial attacks. This review paper critically examines the paradigm shift toward hybrid deep learning approaches that synergize Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for spatial feature extraction with Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Vision Transformers (ViTs), and frequency-domain analysis for temporal and spectral anomaly detection. We synthesize findings from 150+ peer-reviewed studies (2018–2025) to demonstrate that hybrid models achieve superior robustness, generalizability, and cross-dataset performance compared to their unimodal counterparts. The paper analyzes architectural taxonomies, benchmark datasets, evaluation metrics, and open challenges, culminating in a proposed framework for real-world deployment. We conclude that hybrid approaches represent the current state-of-the-art and outline future directions, including self-supervised learning and explainable AI.

Social media platforms generate an unprecedented volume of user-generated text, images, and multimodal content, offering a rich resource for understanding public opinion, consumer behavior, and sociopolitical trends. Sentiment analysis (SA), the computational task of identifying and extracting subjective information from this data, has undergone a paradigm shift from lexicon-based and traditional machine learning methods to deep learning architectures. This review paper provides a systematic examination of deep learning approaches for sentiment analysis on social media data, covering textual, visual, and multimodal modalities. We analyze the evolution from recurrent and convolutional neural networks to attention mechanisms, transformers (BERT, RoBERTa, GPT), and large language models (LLMs). Key challenges including sarcasm detection, code-mixed languages, domain adaptation, and ethical considerations are critically evaluated. We synthesize findings from 180+ peer-reviewed studies (2016–2025) and propose a taxonomy of deep learning architectures. Our review demonstrates that transformer-based models currently achieve state-of-the-art performance but face limitations in computational efficiency and interpretability. We conclude with a forward-looking framework integrating continual learning, few-shot adaptation, and explainable AI for robust social media sentiment analysis.

The study's goal was to determine how dynamic stability training affected specific static and dynamic aspects of college female basketball players. Thirty (N=30) female college basketball players from Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Manakkadavu, Divansapudhur, Pollachi and Department of Physical Education, Bharathiar University Tamil Nadu, India, were chosen as study subjects. They were between the ages of 18 and 21. The chosen participants were split into two equal groups (n = 15 each): the experimental group from Department of Physical Education, Bharathiar University and the control group from Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi. For six weeks, the experimental group received dynamic stability training three days a week. The control group, on the other hand, continued to practice as usual without any additional instruction. Both static and dynamic balance was evaluated before to and following the six-week treatment period. The 't' ratio was used to statistically analyze the data gathered from the individuals. The study's findings showed that the six weeks of dynamic stability training helped college-level female basketball players' static and dynamic balance.

Hate speech has emerged as one of the most significant challenges to democratic governance and constitutional values in India. While freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution guarantees citizens the right to express opinions freely, this right is not absolute and is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). The increasing spread of communal, religious, caste-based, and gender-oriented hate speech, particularly through digital platforms and political discourse, has intensified debates surrounding constitutional morality and free expression. This paper examines the legal framework governing hate speech in India, the constitutional principles involved, judicial interpretations, and the challenges faced in regulating hate speech without undermining democratic freedoms. The study argues that a balanced approach rooted in constitutional morality, human dignity, equality, and fraternity is necessary to preserve both individual liberty and social harmony. The paper further evaluates recent judicial developments and policy concerns relating to hate speech regulation in India.

The death penalty remains one of the most debated issues in contemporary international human rights discourse. While several countries continue to retain capital punishment as a means of punishing serious crimes, a growing number of nations have abolished it on humanitarian, legal, and ethical grounds. The movement toward the abolition of the death penalty has gained global momentum due to increasing recognition of the right to life, human dignity, and protection against cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment. International human rights instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and various regional conventions have significantly contributed to the worldwide campaign against capital punishment. This research paper examines the abolition of the death penalty as a global human rights issue by analyzing its historical development, legal framework, ethical concerns, and international trends. It explores the arguments advanced by abolitionists, including the possibility of wrongful convictions, discriminatory application of the law, lack of proven deterrent effect, and violation of fundamental human rights. The study also evaluates the counterarguments presented by retentionist states, which justify the death penalty on the grounds of retribution, justice for victims, and maintenance of public order.
Further, the paper undertakes a comparative analysis of countries that have abolished the death penalty and those that continue to practice it. It highlights the role played by international organizations, civil society groups, and human rights activists in influencing legal reforms and shaping public opinion. Special emphasis is placed on the evolving position of India and other developing nations regarding capital punishment.

In this paper, I explore the intersections of female embodiment, technogenic mediation and intersectional self-hood in two recent graphic novels: Amy Kurzweil's Artificial: A Love Story (2023) and Alicia Keys and Andrew Weiner's Girl on Fire (2022). The paper employs cyberfeminism, intersectionality theory, feminist narratology, and multimodal discourse analysis to argue that these texts elaborate a feminist visual grammar of the technogenic - a series of formal techniques through which the representation of female bodies constituted by and through technology as sites of agency, resistance, and intersectional identity is made possible. By analysing their panel composition, colour, image-text relations and the construction of the female gaze, the paper shows how these texts refashion the representational conventions of the genres in which they are situated (the graphic memoir and the Young Adult superhero narrative) to create feminist counter-imaginaries suited for the political and cultural demands of the digital present.

The healthcare industry is really behind when it comes to keeping its data safe from cyber attacks. This is a problem because health data has a lot of sensitive personal and financial information. Cyber security incidents are becoming an bigger threat. To make things better we need to come up with a plan for finding the ways to deal with these issues. We need to look at the legal and social problems that come with using technology in healthcare like with telehealth and telemedicine. We also need to think about what we learned from the COVID-19 experience and see where we can improve. Then we can suggest some areas for research.
We found the information we needed by searching and looking at what other people have written about this topic. We also talked to experts. Looked at what professional organizations, like the EU have to say. We read nineteen papers and made categories to see what kind of ethical, legal and social issues they were talking about. We made a chart to help us keep track of all the issues that each source was addressing. The healthcare industry needs to take cyber-attacks and do something about it. Cyber-attacks are a deal and we need to find ways to stop them.

Higher education institutions increasingly rely on digital systems for teaching, research, administration, and communication. Universities store large volumes of sensitive data including student records, financial information, and research findings. This growing dependence on digital infrastructure makes educational institutions attractive targets for cybercriminals. Cyber threats such as phishing attacks, ransomware, data breaches, and insider threats are becoming more frequent in universities and colleges.
These attacks can disrupt academic activities, damage institutional reputation, and expose confidential information. Recent studies show that higher education networks are often less protected than corporate systems, making them vulnerable to advanced cyberattacks (1)(2). In addition, the open nature of academic environments encourages collaboration and information sharing, which sometimes increases security risks.
This paper examines the major cyber threats affecting higher education institutions, their causes, impacts, and possible prevention strategies. The study also highlights modern cybersecurity practices that universities can adopt to improve their digital security infrastructure.

Introduction: Arsenic-containing Kupipakwa Rasayana such as Shila Sindoor, Malla Sindoor, Tal sindoor, and Sameer Pannaga Rasa, prepared from As₂S₂, As₂S₃ and As₂O₃, are traditionally valued for therapeutic efficacy.
Methods: Modern analyses (XRD, SEM, ICP-MS) and comparative toxicology studies were reviewed along with ADME data and clinical observations.
Results: Purification and Kupipakwa processing convert arsenic minerals into stable nano-sulfide complexes with reduced toxicity. As₂S₂ and As₂S₃ exhibit markedly lower toxicity and bioavailability than As₂O₃ due to poor gastrointestinal absorption. ADME studies show minimal systemic absorption, slow methylation and gradual urinary elimination. Nano-structured sulfides enable controlled micro-absorption and sustained therapeutic action.
Discussion: Integration of Rasashastra principles with modern evidence suggests that well-processed Kupipakwa Rasayana possess a favorable safety profile and offer benefits in inflammatory and respiratory conditions when given in classical micro-doses.

Globally, air pollution from coal-based thermal power plants is a serious problem for the environment and human health, especially in nations like India that rely heavily on coal. Hazardous pollutants such sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), particulate matter (PM), mercury (Hg), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are released by these plants. With an emphasis on Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP), Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems, and clean carbon technologies, this study examines key technologies for preventing air pollution in coal-fired facilities. In addition to the effects of the Environment (Protection) Fourth Amendment Rules 2025 on compliance in the thermal power industry, it looks at these technologies' operational processes, regulatory frameworks, cost implications, health advantages, and implementation issues in India.

Chemical manufacturing poses significant fire risks because of flammable materials, high temperatures, and complicated surroundings. In order to ensure safety, asset protection, and regulatory compliance, this paper addresses critical fire prevention and fighting systems. With an emphasis on hazard assessment, preventive maintenance, and cutting-edge fire detection and suppression technology, it offers comprehensive techniques for reducing the risk of fire. Sprinklers, foam extinguishers, and gas suppression designed for chemical processes are important automated systems that are highlighted. The development of an Onsite Emergency Action Plan (OEAP), which describes emergency readiness, evacuation procedures, communication systems, and collaboration with local firefighting authorities, is also emphasized in the study. Chemical facilities can significantly reduce fire hazards and improve safety and operational continuity by combining proactive prevention with efficient emergency response planning.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition with high morbidity and mortality, commonly associated with diabetes and hypertension. While nephrologists have traditionally avoided vegetable-based diets in CKD due to concerns over potassium content and nutritional adequacy, emerging evidence supports their safety and potential benefits when properly planned. This review examines the role of plant-based diets in CKD prevention and management. Well-designed vegetarian and vegan diets provide adequate protein intake, correct essential amino acid balance through cereal-legume combinations, and avoid malnutrition or protein-energy wasting in CKD stages 3–4 and in patients on hemodiafiltration. Plant-based diets exert pleiotropic effects relevant to CKD: they reduce dietary acid load and metabolic acidosis, lower intestinal absorption of phosphorus due to phytate-bound forms, modulate gut microbiota toward increased saccharolytic bacteria and short-chain fatty acid production, and decrease uremic toxin generation. Additional benefits include reduced blood pressure, lower inflammation and oxidative stress, improved lipid profiles, and slower decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate. Practical challenges such as hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and long-chain n-3 fatty acids can be mitigated through cooking techniques like boiling and blanching, dietary counseling, and targeted supplementation. The evidence indicates that plant-based diets are a viable and effective strategy for both preventing CKD progression and managing its complications. Concerns about hyperkalemia and malnutrition appear outdated, supporting the integration of plant-based nutrition into nephrology care with appropriate monitoring.

Honey is a natural supersaturated solution produced by honeybees with established nutritional and therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Its growing global demand has made it a target for food adulteration, where cheaper sugars and syrups such as corn syrup, high-fructose corn syrup, glucose syrup, and sucrose syrup are added to increase volume and reduce cost. Adulteration occurs through direct addition of syrups, indirect feeding of bees with industrial sugars, and blending of low-quality with high-quality honey, all of which alter the chemical, biochemical, and physical properties of honey. This review outlines the types and methods of honey adulteration, highlights the difficulty in detecting sophisticated adulterants due to their similarity to natural honey constituents, and summarizes the analytical techniques used for detection. More importantly, it examines the health risks associated with consuming adulterated honey. Evidence indicates that sugar-adulterated honey can reduce antibacterial activity, elevate blood glucose and insulin levels, increase oxidative stress, and contribute to obesity, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney and liver damage. The findings underscore the need for stricter quality control, improved detection methods, and greater consumer awareness to protect public health and maintain trust in the honey industry. Further systematic studies are required to fully establish the long-term toxicological effects of honey adulterants.

The present research paper focuses on the fundamental analysis of Tata Chemicals Ltd and its impact on investment decision-making. Fundamental analysis is an important technique used by investors to evaluate the intrinsic value and financial performance of a company before making investment decisions. The study aims to examine the profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency of Tata Chemicals Ltd through the analysis of financial statements and financial ratios.
The research is based on secondary data collected from annual reports, company financial statements, stock market reports, and financial websites. Ratio analysis, trend analysis, and SWOT analysis have been used to evaluate the company’s overall financial health and growth potential. The findings reveal that Tata Chemicals Ltd has maintained stable profitability, balanced liquidity, controlled debt levels, and efficient operational performance over the years.
The study also highlights that fundamental analysis plays a significant role in reducing investment risk and helping investors make informed decisions. Based on the analysis, Tata Chemicals Ltd can be considered a fundamentally strong company suitable for long-term investment.

This study is about how much people in Telco Colony, Ambegaon Bk., Pune know about mutual funds. The main aim is to understand their knowledge, thinking, and investment habits. Data was collected from 100 people using a simple questionnaire. The study shows that most people have heard about mutual funds, but many do not fully understand them. Many people still prefer safe options like fixed deposits because they are easy and less risky. It was also found that education, income, and job affect people’s awareness. Most people get information from friends, family, and social media. Many investors prefer SIP because they can invest small amounts. The study also shows that lack of knowledge and fear of risk stop people from investing. Overall, people need more simple guidance and awareness to invest confidently in mutual funds.

This phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of Filipino language teachers navigating technology integration under the MATATAG Curriculum in selected schools of North Cotabato, Philippines. Twenty (20) participants were purposively selected — ten (10) for in-depth interviews (KI-T1 to KI-T10) and ten (10) for focus group discussions (KI-T11 to KI-T20). Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, then analyzed using Colaizzi's thematic analysis framework. Two global themes emerged: (1) Purposeful and Intentional Technology Integration, encompassing intentionality in technology use and competency mapping and curriculum alignment; and (2) Navigating Challenges to Technology Integration, encompassing infrastructure, access, and digital equity; student distraction and classroom management in digital spaces; varying digital literacy among students; and real-time feedback and formative assessment. Findings reveal that effective technology integration in Filipino instruction requires deliberate competency alignment, not tool compliance. Teachers developed adaptive strategies — offline contingencies, peer-pairing, formative digital assessments, and clear classroom routines — to address infrastructure gaps, student distraction, and uneven digital literacy. An intervention plan prioritizing competency-aligned technology use, digital equity, technology-based classroom management, learner support, and purposeful professional development was validated at Very High priority (Rank 1) for four of five components.

This study investigates the linguistic strategies employed by Nigerian political actors in crisis communication, with particular attention to how language is used to construct meaning and influence public perception. Although crisis communication has received considerable scholarly attention, limited research has examined it from a stylistic and linguistic perspective within the Nigerian context. This study addresses this gap by analysing selected Twitter (X) statements of Bola Ahmed Tinubu, Peter Obi, and Atiku Abubakar across five crisis categories: insecurity, disaster management, military death, accident, and terrorism, spanning June 2025 to March 2026. Grounded in Stylistic Theory, the study examines how linguistic features such as emotive lexis, modality, pronoun usage, and rhetorical devices are selected and patterned to produce meaning and persuasive effects. A mixed-method approach is adopted, combining qualitative analysis with quantitative interpretation. The findings indicate a strategic use of language to evoke empathy, express obligation, construct identity, and reinforce persuasion. The study highlights the relevance of linguistic choices in shaping crisis narratives and political communication in contemporary Nigeria.

Online banking has significantly transformed the banking sector by enabling faster transactions, ease of access, and improved customer convenience. However, the rapid growth of digital banking services has also led to an increase in fraudulent activities, cyber threats, and system-related risks affecting both banks and users. This research paper focuses on fraudulent practices in online banking, with special reference to Chennai. The study evaluates customer awareness, common security threats, operational challenges faced by banks, and the effectiveness of existing regulatory measures. Using primary data, relevant academic sources, and a comparative review of international practices such as fraud control mechanisms implemented in Thailand, the paper identifies weaknesses in the current security framework. The study ultimately proposes measures to strengthen fraud prevention systems, enhance customer education, and improve trust and efficiency in online banking services.

Kaumarbhritya, one of the eight branches of Ayurveda, primarily focuses on the preventive and promotive healthcare of children through proper nutrition, samskaras, rasayana therapy, and enhancement of immunity. Suwarnaprashan is an important Ayurvedic pediatric practice described in Kashyapa Samhita in which processed gold (Swarna), generally in the form of Swarna Bhasma, is administered along with honey, ghrita, and medhya dravyas to children for improving physical, mental, and immunological health. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe Suwarnaprashan as “Medhagnibalavardhanam,” indicating its role in enhancing intellect, digestive power, strength, longevity, complexion, memory, and disease resistance. In the modern era, increasing incidence of recurrent respiratory infections, allergies, malnutrition, developmental delays, poor concentration, and reduced immunity among children has highlighted the need for safe and effective immunomodulatory interventions. Suwarnaprashan has gained considerable attention due to its preventive, promotive, and therapeutic potential in pediatric healthcare. This review article was prepared through extensive review of classical Ayurvedic literature including Kashyapa Samhita, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya along with modern scientific publications obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, AYUSH Research Portal, and peer-reviewed journals. Literature related to Swarna Bhasma, pediatric rasayana therapy, immunomodulation, neurocognitive development, and clinical studies on Suwarnaprashan was critically analyzed. Classical references strongly advocate the use of Suwarnaprashan for improving medha, smriti, agni, bala, ayushya, and vyadhikshamatva. Modern scientific studies also indicate possible immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, and neuroprotective properties of Swarna Bhasma and associated ingredients. Clinical observations have shown beneficial effects in recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, poor appetite, delayed milestones, reduced concentration, and general debility in children. The synergistic combination of Swarna Bhasma with honey, ghrita, and medhya herbs contributes to enhancement of Ojas and overall growth and development. Suwarnaprashan therefore represents a unique Ayurvedic pediatric rasayana with significant importance in Balroga Chikitsa. Although preliminary studies support its therapeutic utility, further large-scale standardized clinical trials and scientific validation are essential to establish its efficacy, safety, and role in integrative pediatric healthcare.

In this way, the proposed voting system adopts Aadhaar identification along with biometric fingerprint authentication for improving the security and transparency of the voting system. The identity of voters will be verified using fingerprint and Aadhaar information which will help avoid frauds such as voting more than once, etc. Each voter is only allowed to vote one time to ensure fairness in the voting system.

The present investigation was conducted on “Modernization among Higher Secondary Students in Kashmir.” Objectives of the study: (1) To assess male and female Higher Secondary students on the Level of Modernization. (2) To assess Rural and Urban Higher Secondary students on the Level of Modernization. (2) To compare the level of modernization of male and female Higher Secondary students. (4) To compare the level of modernization of Higher Secondary students of rural and urban areas. Hypotheses: (1) There will be a significant difference between male and female Higher Secondary students on the level of Modernization. (2) There will be a significant difference between rural and urban Higher Secondary students on the level of Modernization. Sample: The sample for the present investigation comprised of 150 Higher Secondary students studying in Government Higher Secondary schools of District Srinagar and Shopian. Tool: R. S. Singh’s Modernization Scale (RSSMS) have been administered on Higher Secondary Students in order to assess the Level of Modernization. The tool has been administered accordance with the instruction provided in the manual of the questionnaire. Major Findings: (1) Female Higher Secondary Students have better Modernization than the Male Higher Secondary students. (2) Urban Higher Secondary Students have better Modernization than the Rural Higher Secondary students.

The present study focuses on the assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of storage dam water in the Khodri region, including Khanda and Jamgahana villages of Chhattisgarh, India, to evaluate its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Water samples were collected from different locations of the storage dam and analyzed using standard procedures. Key physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, calcium, magnesium, fluoride, and iron were determined. The results indicate that most parameters were within the permissible limits prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water, although slight variations were observed across sampling sites. Elevated turbidity and nutrient levels at certain locations suggest localized influences of agricultural runoff and anthropogenic activities. The water quality was found to be generally suitable for irrigation, supported by acceptable salinity and hardness levels. The study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of storage dam water, as seasonal variations and human activities may impact its quality over time. Proper management and preventive measures are recommended to maintain water quality and ensure its safe utilization for domestic and agricultural purposes. This research provides baseline data for future environmental assessment and sustainable water resource management in the Khodri region.

Microblogging offerings have revolutionized the way human beings trade facts. Confronted with the ever-growing numbers of microblogs with multimedia contents and trending topics, it's far proper to offer visualized summarization to assist users to quickly hold close the essence of topics. While existing works normally attention on text-based strategies best, summarization of a couple of media sorts (e.g., text and image) are scarcely explored. In proposed approach a multimedia microblog summarization framework to automatically generate visualized summaries for trending topics. Specifically, a novel generative probabilistic model, termed multimodal-LDA (MMLDA), is proposed to find subtopics from microblogs by means of exploring the correlations amongst different media kinds based on the records accomplished from MMLDA, a multimedia summarizer is designed to one by one pick out representative textual and visual samples and then form a complete visualized summary.

This study aims at the problems of poor evaluation effect in the teaching effect evaluation of engineering management specialty; this paper designs a new evaluation method of teaching effect of information technology Fusion Engineering Management Specialty Based on data clustering. The evaluation index system of teaching effect of information technology integration engineering management specialty is established by analytic hierarchy process. The indexes in the system mainly include five secondary indexes: teaching ability, teaching method, teaching content, teaching attitude and teaching effect; Determine the relative importance of different factors and calculate the weight vector of each index; On this basis, according to the established evaluation index system, pso-k-means algorithm is selected to evaluate the course teaching effect. PSO-k-means algorithm runs K-means clustering algorithm in each particle swarm optimization iteration, and uses the clustering result of K-means clustering algorithm as the particle fitness of the evaluation process to obtain accurate course teaching effect evaluation results. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively evaluate the teaching effect of information technology integration engineering management course and improve the evaluation effect.

The rapid growth of digital journalism has drastically reshaped the techniques by which audiences perceive and evaluate media credibility. The transition from traditional gatekeeping systems to digitally mediated, algorithm-driven, and participatory records environments has basically altered the foundational trust in news media. This paper significantly examined how media credibility is constructed, negotiated, and contested within the era of digital journalism. It argues that credibility is not a tough and constant institutional feature but a dynamic, multi-dimensional construct shaped through the interaction of media organizations, technological infrastructures, and audience practices. Drawing on proven communication theories and current empirical scholarship, the study examines how factors which include misinformation, artificial intelligence, machine-curated content, and digital literacy influence the trust of the audience in media content. It further positions the dynamics within local, African, and international contexts, highlighting how structural inequalities, political influences, and cultural orientations shape credibility perceptions in different regions. The paper moreover emphasizes the growing characteristics of social media systems and generative era in redefining authenticity and reliability in information consumption. The findings indicate that media credibility within the digital age is increasingly more extra relational, socially negotiated, and context-dependent. While digital systems have more potent access to numerous information sources, they have got more heightened difficulties related to misinformation, information overload, and diminishing institutional trust. The paper concludes that rebuilding credibility requires coordinated efforts among journalists, technology companies, policymakers, and audiences. Strengthening ethical journalism, promoting algorithmic transparency, and enhancing digital/media literacy are identified as essential pathways to restoring trust in contemporary media systems.

The rapid advancement of Human–Computer In-teraction (HCI) has created a demand for intuitive, touchless, and efficient control systems. Traditional input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens often limit accessibility, flexibility, and hygiene in various environments. This paper presents a multimodal system for virtual computer control using hand gestures and voice commands, enabling a more natural and seamless interaction experience.
The proposed framework integrates MediaPipe for real-time hand landmark detection, OpenCV for image processing and gesture classification, and SpeechRecognition libraries for voice command execution. The recognized gestures and spoken com-mands are mapped to computer operations such as opening appli-cations, navigating windows, cursor movement, volume control, and multimedia operations.
Experimental analysis demonstrates that the proposed system achieves a gesture recognition accuracy of 94%, voice command recognition accuracy of 92%, and an average latency of 150 ms per operation. The adaptive fusion mechanism dynamically pri-oritizes the more reliable modality under varying environmental conditions, improving robustness and usability.
The proposed framework is scalable for applications in assis-tive technologies, virtual reality systems, smart offices, healthcare environments, and industrial automation, offering a reliable and accessible alternative to conventional computer interaction methods.

High blood pressure is the principal factor responsible for heart diseases as well as early deaths globally. Due to the extensive usage of antihypertensive drugs, there have been no changes in average BP across the world within the last four decades or a slight reduction. However, the occurrence of hypertension has risen in the population, particularly in the low and middle-income countries (LMICs). It was estimated that 31.1% (1.39 billion people) of the adult population had hypertension in 2010. The occurrence of hypertension among adults was higher in LMICs (31.5%, 1.04 billion) compared to the high-income nations (28.5%, 349 million). Heart disease that results from high blood pressure, or HYPERTENSIVE heart disease, can be defined as the reaction of the heart to the load or stress that the heart has to deal with because of increased arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance brought about by hypertension in the blood vessels. Even though the reaction may appear exaggerated relative to the extent of the arterial pressure, it is mainly caused by the hemodynamic overload. Hypertension may lead to, or is associated with, several types of heart diseases, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, cardiac dysrhythmia, and ischemic heart disease. The risk of coronary artery heart disease is linked with the systolic and diastolic. However, stress leads to hypertension by elevating blood pressure repeatedly and also through nervous stimulation that results in production of many vasoconstriction hormones leading to high blood pressure. The factors that lead to changes in blood pressure due to stress include "white coat" hypertension, work related stress, race, environment, and emotional stress. Moreover, whenever a single factor that is capable of causing stress is combined with other such factors, the effects of that particular factor are greatly multiplied. In general, research has proved that stress alone cannot cause hypertension. Nevertheless, there are some non-pharmacological ways of managing stress that help reduce the risk of developing hypertension; examples include meditation, acupuncture, biofeedback, and music therapy. Pulmonary hypertension describes any number of disorders that result either directly or indirectly in increased pressure within the pulmonary arteries. There are five primary categories of pulmonary hypertension that include a mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg: pulmonary arterial hypertension (rare), pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease (very common), pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disorders (common), pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary artery obstructions due to thromboembolism (rare), and pulmonary hypertension due to unidentified and/or multiple factors (rare). Hypertension is an epidemic affecting a billion people and is the most common risk factor for mortality globally. The prevalence of hypertension was calculated to be 29.2 percent in males and 24.8 percent in females by the WHO statistics in 2012. About 90 percent for both genders who are non-hypertensive at the age of 55 to 65 years will acquire hypertension at the age of 80-85. Hypertension is not a problem faced only by affluent populations but is a problem of all economic categories of nations. In the total number of 58.8 million deaths in the year 2004, hypertension contributed 12.8% (7.5 million deaths). Globally, hypertension causes 51 percent of cerebrovascular diseases and 45 percent of ischemic heart diseases. Contrary to the popular opinion that hypertension is more significant for developed countries, the mortality rate due to hypertension is more than twice in less developed countries.

Naqqal is a folk theatre in Punjabi, which has a heavy dose of humor, satire, and improvisation. In this paper, we will discuss the purpose of folk humor in Naqqal performances and further elaborate on how performers develop comic situations in improvisational dialogue, mimicry, and physical acting methods. The paper also examines the performance structure of Naqqal which was made up of comic exchanges, female impersonation, music, and dance. Special emphasis is placed on the idea of ‘jugat’ (spontaneous comic improvisation) and the communication between the performers and the audience in the development of the humorous character of the performance. Also, the paper addresses the issue of humor in Naqqal as a source of social commentary; that is, issues like dowry practices, social hierarchy, and the nature of life in the village are addressed. Through these points, the study identifies Naqqal as a valuable reference to the practice of folk humor in the Punjabi performance culture.

The number of Ghanaian students pursuing higher education abroad has increased dramatically over the past decade, yet the psychosocial, financial, and cultural challenges they face and the support systems that enable their success remain largely unexamined. This qualitative phenomenological study investigates the lived experiences of Ghanaian students studying in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, focusing on the challenges they encounter, the support systems they utilise, and the implications of these experiences for their work ethic and academic success. Drawing upon Acculturation Theory (Berry, 1997) and the Social Support Buffering Hypothesis (Cohen & Wills, 1985), the study recruited 22 Ghanaian graduate and undergraduate students (12 female, 10 male) aged 19–32 years through purposive and snowball sampling via Ghanaian students' associations and social media networks. Participants completed in-depth semi-structured interviews exploring their pre-departure expectations, arrival experiences, academic and financial challenges, cultural adjustment, support systems, and changes in work ethic. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), yielding six superordinate themes: (1) The Financial Crunch of the International Student; (2) Academic Culture Shock and Unspoken Expectations; (3) Loneliness as a Chronic Condition; (4) The Reforging of Work Ethic; (5) Diaspora Support Networks as Lifelines; and (6) The Pressure to Succeed as a Representative of Ghana. Findings reveal that financial strain stemming from tuition, living costs, and unfavourable exchange rates was the most pervasive challenge. Academic culture shock included unfamiliar assessment formats, expectations of class participation, and plagiarism rules. Loneliness, exacerbated by cultural distance and time zone barriers to family contact, was described as a chronic condition. Participants reported that their work ethic intensified abroad: they worked harder, managed time more rigorously, and tolerated greater hardship than they would have in Ghana. Support systems included Ghanaian student associations, local churches, and informal peer mentoring. The pressure to succeed was amplified by a sense of representing Ghana and a fear of disappointing families who had sacrificed to send them abroad. These findings inform pre-departure orientation programmes, university support services, and diaspora engagement policies.

By increasing accessibility, efficiency, and patient outcomes, telepharmacy and digital health technologies have revolutionized the delivery of healthcare. The historical history, tools, components, applications, difficulties, and new advancements in telepharmacy and digital health integration are all examined in this paper. Pharmacist shortages, medication safety, and the management of chronic diseases have all been successfully addressed by telepharmacy, which is the delivery of pharmaceutical care using telecommunication technologies. In order to handle clinical and genetic data and improve patient care and healthcare operations, digital health makes use of information and communication technology.

In Human Resource Management (HRM), AI has significantly changed the way we recruit and select employees. Companies have to deal with increasing demands to recruit talented individuals for their organisation as quickly, accurately and cheaply as possible while handling large amounts of applicants and improving how candidates experience the hiring process. Many of the old methods used for recruiting are slow, costly, present a high degree of unconscious bias and inconsistencies in the decision-making process. AI-based recruiting tools such as applicant tracking systems (ATS), recruitment chatbots, predictive analytics, resume screening and automated interview scheduling are now showing great potential to improve hiring efficiency.
This study will review how AI-based recruitment tools impact on the hiring efficiency of organisations. The outcome of this study will look at how AI affects: recruitment speed, cost reduction, quality of hiring decisions, employee perceptions and the balance between technology and human judgment. The research design was based on a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire administered to 115 individuals from various industries, including employees, HR professionals, managers and consultants. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used to analyse the data and test the hypotheses..
Data shows that AI can significantly improve recruiting efficiency, lower the time it takes to hire someone, increase recruiter productivity, and create higher-quality hiring decisions. Furthermore, many of the respondents think AI is a tool to assist human recruiters with making decisions, instead of replacing human recruiters' role in that process. Other major issues that emerged include data privacy and algorithmic bias, while costs associated with implementing AI and employee pushback were found to be less of an issue. This research demonstrates that the best way to use AI in recruiting is through the collaborative Human + AI recruitment model, where AI completes repetitive operational tasks while the human recruiter retains all responsibilities related to strategy and ethical decision making.

Metaverse showcasing is developing as a effective device for improving brand encounter through immersive and intelligently advanced situations. This think about analyzes buyer mindfulness, engagement, and components impacting the adoption of metaverse promoting in Pune. It analyzes client behavior and preferences, centering on components such as interactivity, personalization, and advancement. Information collected through a organized survey demonstrates developing intrigued in metaverse stages, in spite of the fact that appropriation remains at an early organize. Concerns related to openness, mechanical complexity, and information security still exist. The study concludes that metaverse showcasing has solid potential to construct more profound brand associations if these challenges are addressed.

Because of their medicinal advantages and historical relevance in traditional medical systems, herbal medications are utilized extensively worldwide. However, maintaining consistent quality, safety, and efficacy is extremely difficult due to their complex chemical composition and variability. In order to solve these issues, regulatory frameworks created by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) and the European Union (EU) are essential. While ICH gives generic pharmaceutical quality standards that apply to herbal formulations, the EU offers particular recommendations designed for herbal medical goods.
The EU and ICH guidelines for quality control, such as raw material standardization, Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP), analytical validation, impurity control, and stability testing, are thoroughly covered in this paper. By incorporating these criteria, harmonization is ensured, global acceptance is increased, and the creation of superior herbal therapeutic products is supported.

Bālagraha is a distinctive concept described in Ayurvedic pediatrics (Kaumarbhritya), referring to a group of disorders affecting children that are traditionally attributed to subtle or supernatural influences. Classical Ayurvedic texts such as Kashyapa Samhita, Charaka Samhita, and Sushruta Samhita provide detailed descriptions of their etiology, classification, symptomatology, and management. Due to the physiological immaturity of children—characterized by Aparipakva Dhatus, Manda Agni, and Alpa Bala—they are considered highly susceptible to such afflictions. This review critically analyzes the concept of Bālagraha, its diagnostic framework, and therapeutic approaches including Daivavyapashraya, Yuktivyapashraya, and Satvavajaya Chikitsa. It also explores possible correlations with modern pediatric conditions such as infections, neurological disorders, and psychosomatic illnesses. The study highlights the clinical relevance and integrative potential of Bālagraha in contemporary pediatric healthcare.

In the pharmaceutical business, basic testing of medications and pharmaceutical substances is an essential part of quality assurance and control. Before pharmaceutical items are delivered to customers, these tests guarantee their identification, purity, potency, and safety. Physical, chemical, and instrumental techniques of basic analytical testing for drugs are all covered in detail in this work. There includes a thorough discussion of procedures including identification tests, purity tests, limit tests, assay techniques, and dissolution tests.
Additionally emphasized are the functions of pharmacopoeial standards and regulatory compliance. Maintaining medication efficacy, reducing hazards, and guaranteeing public health safety all depend on an understanding of these fundamental tests.

India is emerging as a vibrant hub where traditional Indian knowledge systems and Artificial Intelligence are creating a power convergence. India is a knowledge civilization where oral tradition, the gurukul system and dharma-related knowledge have been preserved for hundreds of centuries. Where IKS gives deep ethical knowledge through Dharma, consciousness and with wisdom. Meanwhile, AI provides modern tools to preserve, interpret, and circulate ancient heritage on the global scale.
Here I am using Mahabharat as a philosophical roadmap. The Mahabharata keep a close eye on Dharma which means the idea that right action must be based on context, empathy and responsibility but Modern AI technology often prioritize efficiency. This paper also maps AI concepts on to the iconic characters from epic that capture different AI ethic. For example, Krishna symbolizes the ultimate strategic wisdom and ethical guidance that AI lack meanwhile Sanjay’s ability to see everything in real time serves as an excellent analogy for modern surveillance and data transmission.
The Mahabharat’s episodes on JioHotstar, like dice game of autonomy vs responsibility, divine weapons. All of these can be connected with AI tools like natural language processing, generating models and knowledge graphs, that help to analysis and digitalize the epic like the Mahabharat.
This study discusses the dharma-based AI ethics that suggest principles like anima (non-violence) and karma that provide necessary human values for AI development. This paper argues that without Dharmic core AI can become risks like Duryodhana’s power without a moral compass and Bhishma, who depicts rigid knowledge that fails to accept to human suffering. Ultimately, the paper argues that AI can give breath to the life of the IKS in the ‘Dharma to Data’ journey that provides through ethical negotiation that prioritises human values. This study embraces classical literature, cultural narrative and cognitive science to offer high impact on future AI research.

The growing demand for safe, skin-friendly, and environmentally friendly beauty products is driving a shift from traditional alcohol-based aftershave lotions to botanical formulations. Although traditional aftershave has antiseptic properties, it often contains high concentrations of alcohol and synthetic additives, which can cause irritation, dryness, erythema, and micro-abrasions of the skin, especially in people with sensitive skin. In response to these concerns, this study focused on the development and evaluation of herbal aftershave lotions that incorporate natural ingredients with proven dermatological benefits.

The main objective of this study was to develop a stable, effective and skin-compatible herbal aftershave lotion using herbal ingredients. Particular attention was paid to the combination of menthol and aloe vera due to their well-documented pharmacological properties. Menthol, derived from peppermint oil, was used for its immediate cooling, soothing, and mild analgesic effects, while aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) was chosen for its moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties. Other optional herbs such as neem extract, witch hazel, chamomile, and tea tree oil are thought to enhance antibacterial and therapeutic effects.

Millions of people die each year from tuberculosis (TB), one of the worst infectious diseases. We provide a broad overview of tuberculosis (TB) in this paper, covering its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and recommended course of therapy. We looked through PubMed for pertinent TB publications in order to prepare this article. We also looked for relevant publications and clinical guidelines on the websites of global organizations including the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The purpose of this article is to provide general information to patients, policy makers, health professionals, and the general public. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs but can potentially affect other organs. Due to issues including poverty, overcrowding, and restricted access to healthcare, it continues to be a significant global health concern, particularly in developing nations. When an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or speaks, airborne droplets of tuberculosis are released. Active disease is more likely to occur in people with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition.

Secure file sharing has become a critical requirement in today’s digital world, where sensitive information is constantly transmitted across networks that may not be fully secure. Traditional security approaches, which rely on perimeter-based protection, are increasingly ineffective due to the rise of sophisticated cyber threats and the growing adoption of cloud-based systems. This paper proposes a secure file-sharing framework that integrates the Diffie–Hellman key exchange mechanism within a Zero Trust architecture. The Diffie–Hellman method allows two communicating parties to generate a shared secret key over an insecure channel, which can then be used for encrypting files. Meanwhile, the Zero Trust model ensures that every access request is verified, authenticated, and continuously monitored. By combining these two approaches, the proposed system enhances confidentiality, integrity, and access control. The study further evaluates system performance, highlighting improvements in security while maintaining acceptable computational efficiency.

Pharmacogenomics is the area of pharmacology that examines how genetic variation affects a patient's reaction to a medication by linking gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms to a drug's toxicity or effectiveness. It seeks to create logical ways to optimize medication therapy in relation to the patient's genotype in order to guarantee maximal effectiveness with few side effects. The development of personalized medicine, where medications and drug combinations are tailored to each person's distinct genetic composition, is promised by these methods. The whole genome application of pharmacogenetics, which studies how medications interact with individual genes, is called pharmacogenomics.

The thyroid hormones (THs), comprising predominantly triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4), are the main controllers of metabolic processes and energy homeostasis. Their action permeates the body and controls primitive metabolic rate, thermogenesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and mitochondrial function. This review outlines the physiological processes by which THs control metabolism, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the clinical applicability of thyroid dysfunction to metabolic health. In addition, we bandy recent developments in thyroid hormone analogues and their implicit remedial operations in metabolic diseases.

Thermal transport in tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) materials has attracted significant attention due to their structurally complex frameworks and tunable functional properties. These materials, which include single crystals, thin films, and especially ceramics, exhibit low
thermal conductivity primarily governed by phonon-mediated transport. In ceramic forms, microstructural features such as grain boundaries, defects, porosity, and compositional disorder further enhance phonon scattering. Among intrinsic phonon–phonon interactions, Normal (N-Process) and Umklapp (U-Process) scattering processes play a critical role in determining the total and lattice thermal conductivities. While N-processes conserve crystal momentum and redistribute phonon populations without directly impeding heat flow, U-processes involve momentum transfer to the lattice via reciprocal lattice vectors, thereby introducing thermal resistance. In TTB materials, strong lattice anharmonicity, multi-site occupancy, crystallographic symmetry, CS planes and natural chemical disorder significantly increase the probability of Umklapp scattering, particularly at elevated temperatures. This paper provides a detailed theoretical and materials-oriented analysis of phonon transport in TTB systems, with emphasis on ceramics. The influence of crystal structure, defect chemistry, and processing routes on thermal transport is examined. The experimental thermal behaviour of Sm-doped Sr5LaTi3Nb7O30 TTB ceramic system is discussed to illustrate how compositional, doping and microstructural engineering can tailor phonon scattering and thermal properties. The findings highlight the importance of Umklapp processes in suppressing thermal conductivity and underscore the potential of TTB ceramics for thermoelectric and thermal (energy) management applications.

Sign language is the only medium of communication for the speech-impaired community while the rest of the population communicate verbally. This project aims to bridge this communication gap by proposing a novel approach to interpret the static and dynamic signs in the Indian Sign Language and convert them to speech. A sensor glove, with flex sensors to detect the bending of each finger and an IMU to read the orientation of the hand, is used to collect data about the actions. This data is then wirelessly transmitted and classified into corresponding speech outputs. LSTM networks were studied and implemented for classification of gesture data because of their ability to learn long-term dependencies. The designed model could classify 26 gestures with an accuracy of 98%, showing the feasibility of using LSTM based neural networks for the purpose of sign language translation. To live in a society, it is very important to communicate with each other. But this poses a grave problem for people with hearing disabilities. As they can converse using only sign language, it becomes very difficult for others who don’t know the sign language to understand them. So, the purpose of this paper is to create an interpreter which can convert american sign language into the Engilsh language. Through convolutional neural network we were able to create such an interpreter which can interpret the american sign language.

Among the first line antitubercular agents globally, Rifampicin is considered to be one of the most important agents. Rifampicin was discovered in the 1960s and is a derivative of Streptomyces mediterranei, which was found to revolutionize the treatment of TB, shortening the treatment period considerably and lowering the chances of relapse problems. It is a bactericidal antibiotic that works by blocking Dna-dependent RNA polymerase in the susceptible organisms thus inhibiting the production of RNA and finally causing death of bacterial cells. The main application of rifampicin is combination therapy in treating tuberculosis to avoid development of resistance. It is also used in the treatment of leprosy, brucellosis and prophylaxis of meningococcal and Haemophilus influenzae infections. Rifampicin is phosphorously incorporated when taken orally, is extensively diffused in the body, and is processed in the liver. It is a strong stimulator of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, which lead to multiple drug interactions. Side effects are hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal, flu-like syndrome and orange body fluid discolouration.
Because of the high-worldwide prevalence of tuberculosis, especially in such nations as India, rifampicin still finds that group of drugs as a part of national TB control programs. Nevertheless, with the increasing resistance to rifampicin, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is being introduced, which is highly difficult to treat. This review article is a discussion of the chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical uses, dosage, adverse effects, drug interactions, resistance mechanisms, monitoring parameters and the perspectives of rifampicin in the future.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most formidable challenges to global public health, persisting despite centuries of medical advancement. Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it primarily affects the lungs but can disseminate to almost any organ system. This paper provides an extensive review of TB, covering its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and current treatment paradigms. Furthermore, we explore the socio-economic factors that perpetuate the epidemic and the rising threat of multi-drug-resistant strains. In 2024, approximately 10.6 million individuals were infected globally, with India accounting for nearly 25% of the total burden. By synthesizing current clinical guidelines and epidemiological data, this overview aims to provide a holistic understanding of the disease for students and healthcare professionals at Mewar University. Furthermore, contemporary evidence demonstrates that tuberculosis manifestations exist on a dynamic spectrum from infection to disease, rather than a binary state as previously understood. It is important to understand what causes people to move between these states in order to reduce the burden of tuberculosis and meet the goals of the END-TB Strategy set by the WHO. Vaccination, infection detection, and preventive treatment are essential components of tuberculosis prevention. But the recent rapid growth of Internet technology has made telemedicine a much more important part of treating tuberculosis. This proposal seeks to furnish a thorough examination of the diverse facets of telemedicine in the treatment of tuberculosis. It talks about functional positioning, medical qualifications, the range of applications, the management team, the operational model, the medical standards, the evaluation of medications, precautions, and risk management. It is meant to be a guide for healthcare professionals on how to use telemedicine to help people with tuberculosis.

Allama Mohammad Iqbal, the renowned poet-philosopher of Islam, presents a profound educational philosophy rooted in Quran and Sunnah, critiquing modern systems for promoting wrong ideals, fragmenting knowledge, and ignoring the soul in favor of the mind. In his key work, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, he urges Muslims to rethink faith through modern science without breaking from tradition, Islamize knowledge by blending reason, intuition, and Faqr for holistic selfhood (Khudi), and oppose borrowed Western education's expansionism, liberal individualism, and secularism that produce superficial individuals lacking moral and national ideals. Iqbal views education as inseparable from culture, essential for preserving traditions and fostering communal perfection as outlined in Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, while praising selective adoption of scientific methods if subservient to Deen, transforming knowledge from poison to a blessing for justice and self-awareness.

The shift towards electromobility worldwide is the key approach to counter the 25% of Aglobal carbon dioxide emissions produced by the transportation sector. But the massive adoption of electric vehicles is obstructed by "range anxiety," long waiting times, and the absence of real-time infrastructure information. This paper describes a complete Internet of Things (IoT)-based framework for smart electric vehicle charging management, combining diverse sensing hardware with cloud-based reservation algorithms. We test the performance of the SCT013 current sensor and ZMPT101B voltage sensor, observing an average error of only 0.036A and 1.66V, respectively. Moreover, we examine AI-powered scheduling models, namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Random Forest networks, which provide an accuracy of 87.4% in availability forecasting and minimize urban waiting times to an average of 7.8 minutes. The research also measures the sustainability value of solar-integrated stations, proving that a 10-panel solar photovoltaic system can completely compensate for the standard user's daily 37-mile commute, ensuring a 100% carbon-neutral footprint. The results prove that smart coordination can decrease the mean travel time per trip by 9.8% and minimize station peak loads by 25%.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and web technologies has led to the development of intelligent chatbot systems capable of simulating human-like conversations. This paper presents the design and implementation of a web-based chatbot system developed using Next.js and React. The system integrates the Anthropic SDK to process user queries and generate context-aware responses.
The proposed chatbot leverages API-based communication to interact with the AI model and provides real- time responses to user inputs. The system is designed with scalability, modularity, and security in mind, ensuring efficient handling of multiple users simultaneously. The chatbot can be integrated into various domains such as education, customer service, and digital platforms.
This research highlights the architecture, methodology, applications, and challenges of chatbot systems while emphasizing the importance of AI-driven automation in modern systems.

Metal additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as metal 3D printing, has emerged as a transformative manufacturing technology enabling the fabrication of complex metallic components directly from digital models. In the last decade, advancements in laser systems, powder metallurgy, and process monitoring technologies have significantly improved the reliability and industrial adoption of metal additive manufacturing. This review paper discusses recent developments in major metal 3D printing processes including powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition, binder jetting, and sheet lamination techniques. The study also highlights commonly used metallic materials such as titanium alloys, stainless steel, aluminium alloys, and nickel-based super alloys. Furthermore, industrial applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and tooling industries are examined. The review also addresses technical challenges such as residual stresses, surface finish limitations, and high production costs. Finally, future research directions and technological developments are discussed. The study indicates that metal additive manufacturing has strong potential to revolutionize modern manufacturing systems through design flexibility, material efficiency, and rapid product development.

Balrog Chikitsa, the Ayurvedic branch of pediatrics, emphasizes preventive and curative healthcare tailored to the delicate physiology of children. Panchakarma, the five-fold bio-purificatory therapy, is traditionally considered intensive; however, classical Ayurvedic literature advocates its modified and judicious use in pediatric populations. This review aims to critically analyze the role of Panchakarma in Balrog Chikitsa with respect to its indications, adaptations, therapeutic benefits, and safety considerations. A thorough review of classical texts and contemporary studies reveals that therapies such as mrudu Basti and Virachan are particularly beneficial in managing pediatric disorders including respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal disturbances, skin diseases and neurodevelopmental conditions. Properly administered Panchakarma enhances immunity, improves metabolic functions, and supports overall growth and development. However, strict adherence to age-appropriate modifications and clinical judgment is essential to ensure safety.

India has an abundance of therapeutic plants and herbs. Many medicinal and fragrant plants found in India's forests are primarily harvested as raw materials for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and fragrance products. A medicinal herb garden is one that is grown to support people's health maintenance needs as well as potential acute health problems. It is simple to cultivate and has applications in home cooking, health care, and cosmetics. There are 30 important medicinal plans are can be planted in the home gardens. Medicinal plants can be grown through their seeds, rhizomes, and stem cutting to grow in the home gardens. Plant parts such as bulbs, leaves, rhizomes, root, whole plant, fruits, seeds, flowers, twigs and stems are used for the medicine preparation. Similar to yoga or meditation, gardening is an ancient activity that keeps the body healthy, stimulates the mind, and uplifts the spirit. In addition to improving the family's nutritional condition and overall health, cultivating and keeping medicinal plant species in home gardens is an affordable alternative to using expensive medications and pills to treat a variety of illnesses. In one of the Sanskrit shloka, it is said that there is no plant on the earth which cannot be used as a medicine. What is needed it’s know how to use.

Ayurveda, the traditional system of Indian medicine, encompasses a well-structured and logical framework for the acquisition and validation of knowledge. Classical texts (Samhitas) describe comprehensive methodologies for inquiry, learning, and scientific discussion. Among these, Vadamarga represents a systematic approach to scholarly debate and validation of knowledge, reflecting an advanced form of research methodology. The present review aims to explore the principles of Ayurvedic research methodology with special reference to Vadamarga, and to correlate them with modern research practices. Concepts such as Pramana, Tadvidya Sambhasha, and Panchavayavi Vakya are critically analysed to understand their relevance in contemporary research. The study highlights that Ayurvedic methodologies emphasize rational thinking, observation, inference, and structured discussion, which align closely with modern scientific approaches. Integrating these classical principles into present-day research may enhance the authenticity, depth, and holistic understanding of scientific inquiry.

The travel and tourism industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world It contributes large part of global economy and provides millions of jobs inspite of this growth, many travel agencies still depend on traditional methods. Traditional systems require customers to physically visit agencies, compare packages through brochures, and conduct cash transactions, time comparing packages. The system provides distinct interfaces for customers and administrators, enabling efficient package management, real-time booking, and secure financial transactions. The platform incorporates smart filtering, payment gateway integration, and automated invoice generation. Evaluation results demonstrate that TripGo reduces booking time by approximately 75%, eliminates manual data entry errors, and provides a transparent and secure environment for both travelers and travel agencies.

The present study titled “A Case Study on School Leadership and Organizational Climate of Prabhujee English Medium School, Bhubaneswar” aimed to examine the leadership practices of the school principal and the organisational climate of the school. The study also explored teachers’ perceptions regarding leadership style, compared the perceptions of male and female teachers, identified issues related to school leadership and organisational climate, and examined the relationship between these two variables.
The study adopted a descriptive survey method with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Prabhujee English Medium School, Bhubaneswar, was selected purposively as the sample school. Out of 70 teachers working at the secondary and higher secondary levels, 50 teachers were selected through convenient sampling by considering equal representation of male and female teachers. Data were collected using self-made tools namely Leadership Style Questionnaire for Teachers (LSQT), Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ), and an interview schedule for the principal. The collected data were analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and correlation techniques.
The findings revealed that teachers possessed positive perceptions towards the principal’s leadership style, particularly in decision-making, motivation strategies, communication style, and conflict resolution. Delegation received comparatively lower scores, indicating the need for greater teacher participation in school management. Most teachers perceived the organisational climate as highly positive, cooperative, supportive, and respectful. The study further revealed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.5043) between leadership style and organisational climate, suggesting that effective leadership contributes significantly to a healthy school environment. The study emphasizes the importance of democratic leadership, participative management, professional collaboration, and continuous professional development for improving school effectiveness, teacher satisfaction, and organisational growth.

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is a transient, self-limiting muscular phenomenon commonly observed following unaccustomed, repetitive, or high-intensity eccentric loading. It typically manifests as diffuse muscle pain, stiffness, tenderness on palpation, and temporary strength reduction, with peak symptoms occurring between 24 and 72 hours after exertion. Although DOMS is generally benign and resolves naturally within five to seven days, its presentation may vary considerably among athletes engaged in high-demand sports. Activities such as sprinting, hurdling, and plyometric training impose substantial eccentric stress on the hamstring muscles, which can lead to symptom profiles that deviate from typical DOMS patterns. These atypical presentations may last longer, involve localized myofascial sensitivity, or negatively affect neuromuscular control, potentially complicating return-to-sport decisions.(1)
The hamstring muscle group—comprising the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus—is particularly susceptible to overload due to its biarticular structure and its critical role during sprint acceleration, terminal swing deceleration, and ground contact phases. Distinguishing physiological DOMS from a low-grade strain or early myofascial dysfunction often poses a clinical challenge, as both conditions share overlapping symptoms without overt structural disruption on imaging. Misdiagnosis may result in inappropriate management strategies, including excessive rest, insufficient neuromuscular reactivation, or premature progression to high-intensity training. In elite athletes, these errors may impair performance, prolong recovery, or increase the risk of recurrent hamstring injury.(2)
This case report describes an atypical, prolonged episode of hamstring muscle soreness in a competitive sprinter following an intensive eccentric training session. The report outlines a structured diagnostic approach, integrating clinical examination with outcome-based monitoring to differentiate DOMS from underlying myofascial dysfunction. Furthermore, it details a progressive physiotherapy management plan emphasizing eccentric reloading, proprioceptive retraining, and sport-specific functional restoration. The case reinforces the importance of early identification and targeted rehabilitation strategies in managing unusual DOMS presentations within high-performance sports contexts.

This paper examines the dynamics of women and youth entrepreneurship within the digital economy in North Central Nigeria, encompassing the states of Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nassarawa, Niger, and Plateau, as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The region is characterised by significant socio-economic diversity, limited access to traditional financial systems, and a rapidly expanding mobile internet infrastructure, creating both opportunities and constraints for digital entrepreneurship among women and youth populations. Employing a mixed-methods approach—combining structured surveys administered to 420 respondents, 18 in-depth interviews with key informants, and secondary data analysis—this study investigates the drivers, barriers, and outcomes of digital entrepreneurial activity among women and young people in the region. Findings reveal that while digital platforms have substantially lowered barriers to market entry, systemic challenges including inadequate digital literacy, limited access to start-up financing, gender-normative social structures, insecurity, and epileptic electricity supply continue to constrain the full potential of entrepreneurial participation. The paper identifies facilitating factors such as mobile money adoption, social media commerce, and government-supported digital hubs as transformative levers. The study contributes to emerging scholarship on inclusive digital economies in sub-Saharan Africa and proposes a context-sensitive policy framework to accelerate sustainable digital entrepreneurship among women and youth in North Central Nigeria.

The implementation of restorative justice in narcotics abuse cases has become an important policy approach in Indonesia to promote rehabilitation and recovery-oriented law enforcement. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of restorative justice policies in narcotics abuse cases at Polresta Gorontalo Kota, particularly in the stages of initial assessment and case eligibility verification, coordination of the Integrated Assessment Team, restorative justice case conferences, and finalization and accountability processes.This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and document study involving police investigators, members of the Integrated Assessment Team, legal practitioners, medical personnel, psychologists, and families of narcotics abuse offenders. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, verification, and conclusion drawing.The findings revealed that restorative justice implementation at Polresta Gorontalo Kota has formally adopted rehabilitation-oriented mechanisms but remains operationally inconsistent. Initial assessments functioned as an important screening process, although administrative delays, limited procedural flexibility, and difficulties in distinguishing narcotics users from traffickers frequently constrained implementation. Coordination within the Integrated Assessment Team involved interdisciplinary collaboration among legal, medical, and psychological actors; however, institutional synchronization and information exchange remained limited. Restorative justice case conferences created a more participatory decision-making process, yet implementation continued to be influenced by retributive legal culture and procedural considerations. Furthermore, post-settlement accountability and long-term rehabilitation monitoring systems were not fully integrated, reducing the sustainability of restorative outcomes.This study concludes that restorative justice implementation in narcotics abuse cases reflects a gradual transition from punitive law enforcement toward a more rehabilitative approach. The study contributes to the understanding that successful restorative justice implementation requires institutional coordination, procedural consistency, and organizational adaptation to strengthen recovery-oriented criminal justice practices.

In contemporary corporate organizations, Human Resource (HR) documentation plays a critical role in maintaining employee records, ensuring regulatory compliance, and supporting effective employee lifecycle management. The present study examines employee perception of HR documentation processes and their relationship with process efficiency at Versuni India Home Solutions Limited. Primary data for the study was collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 70 employees across different departments within the organization. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tools such as percentage analysis, mean score analysis, and Pearson correlation. The results indicate that employees generally perceive HR documentation procedures as clear, structured, and professionally managed. The findings also reveal a moderate positive relationship between HR documentation efficiency and employee perception of HR processes. The study suggests that improving communication, strengthening documentation timelines, and adopting digital documentation systems can further enhance operational efficiency and employee experience within the organization.

Customer awareness, perception, and satisfaction are important factors that influence the growth and reputation of construction companies in today’s competitive environment. Customers expect quality construction services, timely completion of projects, effective communication, and professional coordination from construction organizations. Understanding customer expectations and satisfaction levels helps organizations improve service quality and maintain customer relationships.
The present study titled “A Study on Customer Awareness, Perception and Satisfaction Towards Construction Services with Reference to Almandi Construction, Chennai” aims to analyse customer opinions regarding construction services and identify the factors influencing customer satisfaction. The study also evaluates service quality and customer experience.
The study adopted a descriptive research design using both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 100 respondents. Percentage analysis was used to interpret data.
The findings of the study indicate that most customers are satisfied with the quality of services, project coordination, and communication provided by the organization. Areas such as response time, project updates, and customer follow-up require improvement. The study concludes that maintaining effective communication, improving service quality, and ensuring timely project completion can significantly enhance customer satisfaction and organizational performance.

This study investigated the levels of awareness, technical knowledge, and professional perceptions regarding the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP) Act among students in the allied health sciences. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from a diverse sample of 82 students, primarily representing the physiotherapy and medical laboratory technology disciplines. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were employed to examine the depth of regulatory literacy. The results revealed a significant &#34;awareness-knowledge gap&#34;; while 78.05% of respondents had heard of the commission, only 9.76% demonstrated a comprehensive understanding of its role in professional licensure and career advancement. A Pearson’s chi-square test indicated a significant association between academic seniority and awareness levels, $chi^2(1, N = 82) = 5.61, p = .018$, suggesting that professional socialization increases as students approach graduation. Furthermore, 85.37% of participants perceived the establishment of the NCAHP as essential for professional validation and the standardization of healthcare services. Despite high general awareness, 42.68% of students reported a complete lack of knowledge regarding specific certification and training guidelines. Participants identified university-led seminars (54.88%) and formal curriculum integration (43.90%) as the most effective strategies for bridging information gaps. The findings underscore a critical need for educational institutions to transition from providing general information to delivering technical, regulation-specific training. These results provide a roadmap for policy implementation and academic restructuring to ensure that the next generation of allied healthcare professionals is adequately prepared for the mandatory regulatory framework of the NCAHP.

Financial reporting automation has emerged as a transformative development in the fund services and asset management industry, enabling organizations to process complex financial data with greater speed, accuracy, and consistency. The present study titled “A Study on the Impact of Automation in Financial Reporting on Operational Efficiency at Basiz Fund Service Limited” investigates how the adoption of automated financial reporting tools and systems influences the operational efficiency of the organization. Basiz Fund Service Limited, a fund administration and accounting services firm, operates in a domain where precision in financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and timely delivery of reports are critical success factors. The integration of automation into this environment thus carries significant implications for staff productivity, error reduction, turnaround time, and overall service quality.
The study focuses on identifying the extent of automation adoption across key financial reporting functions, examining employee perceptions of automation’s impact on efficiency, workload, accuracy, and compliance, and analysing the statistical relationships between automation-related variables and operational outcomes. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to employees engaged in financial reporting and fund administration roles at Basiz Fund Service Limited. Secondary data were sourced from company reports, academic journals, and finance and technology literature. Statistical tools including percentage analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and Chi-Square test were applied to analyse the data and evaluate the research hypotheses.
The findings reveal that automation positively influences operational efficiency across multiple dimensions including reporting accuracy, turnaround time, regulatory compliance, and employee productivity. The study also identifies areas requiring further improvement in automation adoption and provides practical recommendations to the management of Basiz Fund Service Limited for strengthening their automation strategy. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on financial technology adoption in fund administration and highlights the critical role of automation in enhancing organizational performance.

In today’s competitive job market, organizations face challenges in attracting and hiring qualified talent. This study examines the current practices in talent acquisition, identifies key factors affecting recruitment, and suggests strategies for improvement.The study uses a mixed-method approach, including surveys, interviews, and case studies, to collect data from HR professionals. The findings highlight the importance of employer branding, use of social media, employee referrals, and enhancing candidate experience. It also emphasizes the need to measure key recruitment metrics such as time-to-hire, cost-per-hire, and quality of hire. Furthermore, the study reveals that adopting modern recruitment technologies can significantly improve hiring efficiency. It also highlights the importance of building a strong talent pipeline for future workforce needs. Effective communication and transparency throughout the hiring process enhance candidate trust and engagement. Continuous evaluation and improvement of recruitment strategies are essential to remain competitive. Overall, a strategic approach to talent acquisition can contribute to long-term organizational success.

This study examines the impact of discount strategies on online sales and consumer behavior in GM Manufacturing Services (GMMSPL). Data collected from 100 respondents shows that discounts significantly influence purchase decisions, increase engagement, and drive sales. However, excessive discounting may affect profitability and brand perception.

The banking sector is increasingly confronted with operational inefficiencies, evolving customer expectations, and heightened competition in the context of rapid digital transformation. Business Intelligence (BI) tools have emerged as vital enablers for converting raw data into actionable insights that drive decision-making and growth. Despite their global adoption, limited empirical evidence exists on how BI tools influence performance in Zambian banks, particularly at Zanaco. This study addressed this gap by investigating the relationship between BI adoption and business growth, guided by four objectives: to establish the BI tools and strategies currently employed in the banking sector; to evaluate the effectiveness of BI tools in enhancing operations and decision-making; to analyze the relationship between BI adoption and overall business growth; and to investigate the limitations and challenges associated with BI implementation. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, with Zanaco selected purposively as the case study due to its advanced BI investments. Stratified sampling was applied to capture views from management, IT staff, and operational employees across departments. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and secondary institutional records, then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Chi-square tests confirmed significant associations between BI adoption and positive business outcomes (χ² = 4.82, df = 3, p < 0.05). These findings align with global studies emphasizing BI as a driver of competitiveness and efficiency in financial institutions (Chen, Chiang, & Storey, 2019; Elbashir, Collier, & Sutton, 2011), and echo African research highlighting the strategic role of digital innovation in banking transformation (PwC Africa, 2023). The results further indicate that while BI contributes substantially to improved operations and decision-making, challenges such as high implementation costs, system integration issues, and limited skilled personnel remain barriers to full optimization. Overall, this research concludes that BI tools are not only technological enablers but also strategic assets that accelerate business growth in the Zambian banking sector, with implications that mirror global and African trends in digital finance transformation.

River sand, gravel, and stones constitute the primary sources of extraction of materials for infrastructure and economic development. However, any activity involving excessive extraction of material resources without proper regulation and management may result in environmental degradation, instability of rivers and imbalances in the ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to review the efficiency of the process of extraction of construction material in the Belkhu River, Dhading, Nepal. The practices involved in the extraction process, the environmental impacts of the process, key challenges faced and sustainability strategies are assessed in this paper. In carrying out their study, the researchers used both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Observation, questionnaire administration, focus group discussions, and conducting interviews were among the methods that the authors used. Key respondents included the local communities, managers of crushers, engineers, contractors, and other employees in the area. Secondary data were obtained from different government reports and policies, and previous studies on the subject matter. Poor practices and lack of systematicity of the process have resulted in the following: soil erosion at the banks of the river, instability of river channels, environmental degradation, transportation problems, and lack of overall supervision of the process. The challenges facing efficient extraction activities include poor policy implementation, lack of scientific investigation, inadequate technology, climate change impacts, and shortage of professional personnel.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is recognized as an essential component of safe, high-quality, and patient-centered nursing care because it integrates current research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences into clinical decision-making. Despite its importance, the implementation of EBP in specialized areas such as ophthalmology nursing remains inconsistent due to professional and organizational challenges. This study explored the lived experiences of ophthalmology nurses regarding the barriers and support systems influencing the implementation of EBP in clinical practice. The study utilized a qualitative descriptive-phenomenological approach using Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological analysis. Ten ophthalmology nurses from selected public and private hospitals and ophthalmology clinics in Pangasinan participated through purposive sampling. Data were gathered through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Four major themes emerged from the analysis: (1) Structural and Professional Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice, (2) Organizational and Collaborative Support Systems in EBP Implementation, (3) Influence of Evidence-Based Practice on Clinical Decision-Making and Patient Care, and (4) Evidence-Based Practice as a Foundation for Safe Ophthalmic Nursing Care. Findings revealed that ophthalmology nurses value EBP as a guide for safe and effective patient care; however, inadequate specialty-specific training, limited access to resources, workload pressures, and insufficient institutional support continue to affect its consistent implementation. The study highlights the importance of strengthening professional development, mentorship, leadership support, and access to evidence-based resources to improve evidence utilization and promote safer ophthalmology nursing practice.

Wastewater creation has expanded dramatically as a result of industrialization, making efficient effluent treatment necessary for environmental preservation. This project assesses the effectiveness of a 100 KLD Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) at Vishakha Glass Private Limited, with a particular emphasis on how well it treats wastewater from the glass industry. The ETP uses a number of therapy phases, such as biological treatment, chemical dosage, and screening. Average removal efficiencies of 88–90% for BOD, 85–88% for COD, and 85–87% for TSS were found in influent and effluent sample analysis, indicating successful treatment under typical circumstances. Sludge handling inefficiencies and influent unpredictability were identified as operational difficulties. The study offers insights for optimizing wastewater treatment in industrial settings and suggests upgrades like automation and improved monitoring systems.

About 30% of India’s GDP comes from the micro, small and medium enterprise (MSMEs) which also creates jobs, regional balanced development and promotes economic growth(Ministry of MSME , 2024). The sustainability and growth of MSMEs depend on the availability of sufficient bank credit fund. This study analyze the trends, growth and patterns of bank credit to MSMEs in India with the help of using recent secondary data from Economic survey, RBI reports and government publications. According to the study, MSMEs and bank credit in India grew by about 14.1% in 2024-2025, outpacing growth in other industries such as retail and services(RBI, 2025). Its increasing importance in the banking portfolio, the share of MSMEs credit in bank lending has increased by about 17.7%(Economic survey, 2025). It is estimated that total MSMEs credit exposure will reach about ₹35-43 lakh crore by 2025 and it reflecting the significant growth in formal finance and greater financial inclusion(Ministry of Finance , 2025). The study discloses that how the access to finance has enhanced with the help of policy interventions such as priority sector lending standards, digital lending platforms and credit guarantee programmes. The MSMEs credit ecosystem has been strengthened by the government initiatives and the support provide to expansion of industrial credit. After all these advances, issues such as lack of collateral, late payments, a short credit history and complex procedures still limit access to credit, especially for micro enterprises(IFC, 2018). In recent years, the study discloses that while MSMEs in India have substantial growth and structural improvements in bank credit but there is still a need for more inclusive, technology-based and risk-based lending approaches. There is need to Strengthening institutional support and enhancing credit delivery mechanisms to sustain MSMEs growth and ensure long-term economic growth.

The manufacturing sector is a cornerstone of industrial growth and national development, yet it faces persistent human resource (HR) challenges that directly influence efficiency, competitiveness, and sustainability. One of the most critical issues is the skill gap. With the rapid adoption of automation, robotics, and digital technologies under Industry 4.0, traditional skill sets are becoming obsolete, creating an urgent need for continuous reskilling and upskilling programs. HR managers must bridge this gap by fostering technical training, adaptability, and lifelong learning among employees.
Another major challenge is workforce retention and engagement. Manufacturing jobs are often perceived as physically demanding and less appealing compared to service-sector roles, leading to high attrition rates. HR professionals must therefore design strategies that enhance job satisfaction, career progression, and workplace culture to retain talent. Additionally, labor relations and compliance remain complex, as organizations must navigate union negotiations, labor laws, and workplace safety regulations while maintaining harmonious relations.

The rapid digitalization of workplaces has transformed organizational functioning, increasing efficiency and flexibility. However, it has also intensified workplace stress and burnout among employees due to constant connectivity, workload pressure, and work-life imbalance. This study examines the relationship between digital workplace stress and employee burnout and evaluates the effectiveness of HR interventions in improving employee well-being. Data were collected from 75 respondents across multiple sectors using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis, chi-square test, correlation, and regression analysis were applied. The findings reveal that digital stress significantly contributes to burnout, while HR interventions such as flexible work policies and wellness programs play a crucial role in reducing stress and improving job satisfaction.

In the modern business environment, organizations are increasingly adopting technological solutions to enhance efficiency and productivity. This research paper examines the role of automation, tracking systems, and planning efficiency in improving operational performance. Automation reduces manual effort and errors, while tracking systems provide real-time monitoring and control over processes. Efficient planning ensures optimal utilization of resources and smooth coordination between departments.
The study is based on primary data collected through structured questionnaires and secondary data from existing literature. The findings indicate that organizations implementing automation and tracking systems experience improved productivity, reduced operational errors, and better decision-making. However, challenges such as lack of training, high implementation costs, and resistance to change still exist. The study concludes with recommendations for improving system integration and enhancing planning efficiency.

India’s juvenile justice landscape has undergone a transformative shift with the enactment of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. This Act, replacing the 2000 version, introduced a paradigm shift by incorporating provisions for trying children between 16 and 18 years as adults for heinous offences, along with a rehabilitation-focused framework.¹ This research paper undertakes a comprehensive socio-legal analysis of the JJ Act, 2015, focusing on its definitional framework, the procedural mechanisms, judicial interpretation, and the critical challenges plaguing its implementation.
The study delves into the causes of juvenile delinquency, examining socio-economic factors, family environment, peer pressure, and systemic failures. It scrutinizes the Act’s core mechanisms, including the Juvenile Justice Board, Child Welfare Committees, and the special provisions for heinous crimes. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the Act’s alignment with international principles, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), and offers a comparative perspective with juvenile justice systems in the United Kingdom and the United States.
The research highlights persistent gaps, including a massive case backlog of over 55% before Juvenile Justice Boards, inadequate infrastructure, understaffing, and inconsistent judicial interpretation.² Utilizing recent case laws, NCRB data, and social science methodologies, this study advocates for a holistic, trauma-informed, and community-based approach to rehabilitation. It concludes with concrete recommendations for strengthening the implementation framework, enhancing rehabilitative services, and addressing the socio-economic root causes to ensure that the goal of the JJ Act—reformation and reintegration—is fully realized.

This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Indian Constitution, specifically focusing on its historical evolution, ontological nature, and architectural distinctiveness. It examines the transition of India from a colonial administrative state to a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic. By exploring the dialectics between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, the paper highlights the transformative nature of the document. It further evaluates the role of judicial review and the "Basic Structure" doctrine in preserving constitutional supremacy against majoritarian impulses. This chapter serves as the foundational pillar for understanding the systemic governance and legal philosophy of modern India.

This research paper examines the effectiveness of green compensation and reward systems in influencing environmentally sustainable employee behavior within organizations. Based entirely on primary and secondary data presented in the original dissertation, the study applies the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) framework to evaluate how financial and non- financial incentives shape employee engagement in sustainability practices. Data collected from 33 respondents reveal strong positive relationships between reward systems and eco- friendly behaviors such as waste reduction, energy conservation, and participation in environmental initiatives. The study finds that while financial incentives initiate behavioral change, non-financial recognition and intrinsic motivation are more influential for long-term sustainability. The research concludes that green compensation is a strategic tool for aligning organizational goals with employee behavior.

Employee well-being and mental health have emerged as central concerns in modern organizational management due to increasing workplace complexities, technological disruptions, and evolving employee expectations. This research study examines the multidimensional concept of employee well-being and its direct and indirect impact on organizational productivity, engagement, and sustainability. The study identifies key determinants of mental health such as workload, organizational culture, leadership style, and work-life balance. It also evaluates corporate initiatives undertaken by leading organizations to enhance employee well-being.
Through a qualitative and descriptive research methodology based on secondary data, the study highlights that poor mental health results in decreased productivity, absenteeism, burnout, and high employee turnover. Research findings indicate that workplace mental health interventions significantly reduce stress and improve work effectiveness. The study further includes a comparative analysis of companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) to understand practical implementation.
The research concludes that employee well-being is not only a social responsibility but also a strategic investment that enhances organizational performance.

Khadi is one of the most important traditional products in India and represents the country’s cultural heritage, self-reliance, and sustainability. The present study focuses on customer preference towards Khadi products in Tirupur, a city well known for its textile industry. The objective of this study is to understand the level of awareness, buying behavior, and preference of customers towards Khadi products such as clothing, skincare items, and household products. It also examines the factors that influence customers to choose Khadi products, including quality, price, eco-friendliness, and cultural value.

Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine widely utilized for managing allergic reactions, common cold symptoms, motion sickness, and short-term sleep disturbances. It acts by blocking histamine H1 receptors, thereby reducing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and swelling.
This study explores the availability, demand, and usage trends of diphenhydramine in retail pharmacies and hospital environments. The findings suggest that despite the emergence of newer antihistamines with fewer sedative effects, diphenhydramine continues to maintain a strong presence due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and multiple therapeutic benefits. However, its sedative nature and associated side effects influence its preference among users.

Maize is one of the most important crops in India, but fungal diseases like Northern Leaf Keywords: Maize Disease Detection, CNN, MERN Stack, Agriculture 5.0, Plant Pathology, Deep Learning, Treatment Recommendation. Blight, Common Rust, and Gray Leaf Spot causemajor yield losses every year. The problem is that most farmers do not have access to plant pathologists. They end up guessing which pesticide to use, which wastes money and harms the environment. In this project, we built a web-based application called "Agri Doctor" that helps farmers detect maize diseases using their smartphones. The system uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained on leaf images to identify diseases with reasonable accuracy. Once a disease is detected, the system immediately suggests a treatment plan – including chemical, organic, and cultural methods – from a database.
The frontend is built with React, the backend uses Node.js and Express, and the database is MongoDB. The AI model runs as a separate Python service using FastAPI. We tested the system with real field images collected from farms in and around Ghaziabad. The model achieved about 96% accuracy on field images, which is good enough for practical use.
This paper describes what we built, how we built it, what problems we faced, and what we learned. The goal is not to claim perfection but to show that a practical, low-cost, AI-powered tool can actually help farmers make better decisions.

In recent years, growing concerns regarding children's physical health and increasing sedentary lifestyles have encouraged parents and educators to focus more heavily on sports and physical activities. With the rapid growth of technology and screen-based entertainment, sports activities like basketball have become an important way to promote physical fitness and healthy habits among children. This study empirically investigates the behavioural and environmental factors influencing children's participation in basketball. The research focuses on identifying the impact of parental encouragement, children’s personal interest, awareness of fitness benefits, and the structural availability of sports facilities. By understanding these dynamics, the research provides actionable insights that may help educators, parents, and community planners improve sports participation and combat sedentary habits in youth.

Hypertension remains one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide and a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Among the available therapeutic options, Amlodipine, a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, has emerged as a cornerstone in antihypertensive therapy due to its efficacy, safety, and patient-friendly dosing regimen.
This study aims to critically analyze the market dynamics, utilization patterns, and prescribing behavior associated with Amlodipine in both retail pharmacy and hospital settings. The study is based on a comprehensive review of secondary data sources including pharmacological literature, research publications, and pharmaceutical market reports, supplemented with observational insights.
The analysis indicates that Amlodipine holds a dominant position in the cardiovascular drug segment due to its affordability, widespread availability, and strong clinical performance. Retail pharmacies contribute significantly to overall sales due to chronic therapy requirements, while hospitals play a pivotal role in therapy initiation and long-term prescription trends.
The study concludes that the dual-channel distribution system of retail and hospital sectors strengthens the market sustainability of Amlodipine. Future demand is expected to increase in parallel with the rising global burden of hypertension and lifestyle-related disorders.

Business valuation is the process of estimating the economic value of a business or an owner’s interest in a company using a systematic set of procedures and financial techniques. It aims to determine the theoretical fair value of a firm, particularly in situations where assets or earnings may be overvalued or undervalued. Business valuation is widely used to determine the price that buyers and sellers are willing to pay or receive during transactions involving business sales, mergers, or restructuring.
Business valuation plays a crucial role in financial management by providing an objective and analytical assessment of a firm’s worth. It assists managers, investors, and other stakeholders in making informed decisions related to investment planning, capital structuring, mergers and acquisitions, performance evaluation, risk management, and long-term strategic planning. Valuation is also essential for purposes such as mergers and acquisitions, share transfer and insurance, insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings, income tax assessments, financial reporting, and strategic decision-making. In addition to estimating the selling price of a business, valuation techniques are frequently used by professional appraisers to resolve disputes related to estate and gift taxation, divorce litigation, and allocation of purchase price among business assets.
This study aims to analyze the concept, importance, and application of business valuation techniques with a focus on the three commonly used approaches: the Income Approach, the Market Approach, and the Cost (Asset-based) Approach. The Income Approach evaluates value based on the present value of expected future benefits, the Market Approach compares the firm with similar companies operating in the market, and the Cost Approach determines value based on the fair value of net assets. Special emphasis is placed on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method, which estimates business value by discounting projected future cash flows using an appropriate discount rate that reflects the firm’s risk profile.

The return of Ghanaian professionals from the diaspora has increased substantially over the past decade, yet the workplace integration of these returnees and their perceived work ethic by Ghana-based colleagues remains largely unexamined. This qualitative exploratory study investigates how returnee professionals reflect on their own work ethic and how they are perceived by their Ghanaian-born colleagues in Accra's corporate and professional services sector. Using an exploratory qualitative design grounded in Social Identity Theory and Acculturation Theory, the study recruited 24 participants through purposive and snowball sampling: 12 returnee professionals who had worked abroad for at least three years before returning to Ghana, and 12 Ghanaian-born colleagues who work alongside returnees. Participants completed in-depth semi-structured interviews exploring perceptions of work ethic, workplace behaviours, cultural differences, and team dynamics. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, yielding seven superordinate themes: (1) The Pace Paradox: Speed Versus Relationship; (2) The Question of Respect: Hierarchical Expectations; (3) Work-Life Boundaries: Returnee Rigidity Versus Local Fluidity; (4) The Competence Presumption: Returnees as Outsiders Within; (5) The Reverse Culture Shock of Workplace Norms; (6) Communication Styles: Directness as Disrespect; and (7) The Middle Ground: Successful Integration Strategies. Findings reveal that returnees perceive themselves as efficient, task-oriented, and boundary-conscious, while colleagues perceive them as arrogant, impatient, and culturally dislocated. Conversely, colleagues perceive themselves as relationship-oriented, respectful of hierarchy, and flexible, while returnees perceive them as inefficient, deferential to a fault, and lacking boundaries. Successful integration was associated with cultural humility, deliberate adaptation, and mentorship from experienced local colleagues. These findings inform expatriate reintegration programmes, human resource policies, and diversity and inclusion initiatives for Ghanaian organisations employing returnee professionals.