Frequent power outages in Nigeria remain a significant obstacle to economic growth, productivity, and quality of life. This study investigates the coping mechanisms employed by households and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in North-East Nigeria, and examines the financial and operational costs associated with these strategies. Utilizing a descriptive and correlational survey research design, data were collected from 1,100 respondents, including 700 households, 300 SMEs and 100 key informants comprising government officials, energy provider and power-related vendors. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative analyses to understand patterns of electricity coping strategies, their costs and the relationship between firm/household characteristics and coping choices. Findings indicate widespread reliance on generators, inverters, and alternative energy sources, with associated financial burdens significantly affecting household expenditure and SME profitability. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for sustainable energy solutions, regulatory interventions, and improved grid reliability.

The persistent electricity deficit in Nigeria has compelled many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to explore alternative energy sources. This study an investigation of the economic, institutional, technical and firm-specific determinants of solar energy adoption among (SMEs) in the north-central region of Nigeria using a mixed-methods design. A structured survey was administered to 900 SMEs and 200 key stakeholders (solar vendors, finance providers, and government officials). Quantitative data were analyzed using logistic regression, ordered probit, chi-square, and OLS models, complemented by qualitative insights from stakeholder interviews. The findings reveal that firm size, sector, awareness of government incentives, financing accessibility and perception of reliability are statistically significant predictors of solar energy adoption. Cost of installation and maintenance barriers were also negatively correlated with uptake. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for targeted financing models, incentive awareness campaigns, and supportive regulatory frameworks to drive energy transition among SMEs.

This study examined educational facilities and the implementation of entrepreneurial courses in Federal Universities, South-South Nigeria. Despite the integration of entrepreneurship curricula designed to equip students with job creation skills, many institutions grapple with deficiencies in facility upkeep and infrastructure. Employing a descriptive survey methodology, data were collected from 354 third-year students enrolled in entrepreneurship programs. Findings indicated that the pedagogical approach in entrepreneurship courses remained largely independent of the quality of classroom resources, such as projection equipment, seating, climate control, and interactive whiteboards. Critically, facility maintenance, encompassing repairs, sanitation, and equipment renewal, demonstrated a negligible influence. Statistical analyses corroborated the absence of a significant correlation between maintenance practices, classroom amenities, and the effectiveness of entrepreneurship instruction. The study concludes that deficiencies in facility provision and upkeep impede the attainment of entrepreneurship education objectives. To enhance instructional delivery and foster students' capacity to become job creators, the study recommends more rigorous policy implementation, increased financial resources, improved oversight, and appropriate integration of information and communication technologies and educational resources.

This study examined the prevalence of sports injuries among amateur footballers in Nigeria and assessed how first?aid knowledge among coaches and players influences the immediate management of those injuries during matches and training. The research was guided by two research questions and adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised approximately 12,500 amateur football players and 1,800 coaches across the six geopolitical zones, from which a multistage stratified random sample of 600 players and 80 coaches was drawn. Data were collected using a self?developed, validated questionnaire. Mean scores and standard deviations were computed, with a benchmark of 2.50 for agreement. The analysis revealed high prevalence of injuries such as ankle sprains, hamstring strains, and overuse conditions (cluster mean?3.30). It also showed that adequate first?aid knowledge significantly improved early recognition, timely response, and proper initial care (cluster mean?2.95). The study concluded that sports injuries are common among Nigerian amateur footballers and that enhancing first?aid knowledge is crucial for safer injury management. It was recommended among others that mandatory first?aid certification for coaches, provision of first?aid kits, infrastructure upgrades, and continuous education for players.

This study examined the barriers to female participation in organized sports in Calabar, Nigeria. The research was guided by three objectives and three research questions. A descriptive survey design was adopted, targeting girls and women aged 12?35?years in the state. A sample of 350 respondents was selected through multistage stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, self?administered questionnaire with a 5?point Likert scale, validated by experts and tested for reliability (Cronbach’s ??=?0.82). Descriptive statistics- mean (M) and standard deviation (?) were computed, with a benchmark of 2.50 used to interpret agreement. Findings revealed that cultural (M?=?3.00), social (M?=?3.26), and environmental (M?=?3.31) factors all scored above the threshold, indicating they significantly hinder female participation in organized sports. The study concludes that these barriers collectively undermine gender equity, health, and human capital development in the region. It recommends the provision of safe, gender?friendly facilities; public sensitization to reshape harmful norms; financial support and scholarships for athletes; deployment of female coaches and role models; and strengthened collaboration among government, community, and private stakeholders to sustain interventions.

Introduction: Atapa Chikitsa, or Sunlight Therapy, forms one of the fundamental therapeutic modalities described in Ayurveda under Sadvidha Chikitsa, or six types of treatments. The therapeutic application of the five great elements, Pancamahabhuta in particular, Tejas Mahabhuta manifested through sunlight is involved. In the classical Ayurvedic texts, the sun, Aditya, has been described as the source of Pra?a, or vital life force, and as the regulator of Agni, or metabolic fire, responsible for digestion, transformation, and energy production. Sunlight, therefore, is considered to be a must for maintaining physiological balance, vitality, and mental clarity. Methods: A thorough literary and analytical review was undertaken by collecting references related to Atapa Chikitsa from the authoritative classics of Ayurveda, namely Charaka Sa?hita, Susruta Sa?hita, A??a?ga H?daya, and relevant commentaries. Modern research studies on phototherapy and heliotherapy were also studied. Results: Review of the classical literature in Ayurveda revealed Atapa Chikitsa to be working as Niragni Swedana, or non-fire-induced sudation, thereby promoting physiological detoxification and enhancing Agni. The therapy alleviates Vata and Kapha do?as; thus, it purifies the skin and supports emotional well-being. Comparative evaluation with modern phototherapy indicated parallel therapeutic outcomes, particularly in dermatological conditions, mood disorders, and metabolic regulation. Discussion and Conclusion: Atapa Chikitsa stands out as a nature-based, non-invasive Ayurvedic approach that harmonizes human physiology with solar energy. The principles of this therapy closely correspond with that of modern phototherapeutic mechanisms involving ultraviolet and visible light. Integration of Ayurvedic solar therapy with contemporary photomedicine could provide a holistic, low-cost, and sustainable healthcare model. Thus, Atapa Chikitsa reaffirms Ayurveda's timeless relevance in preventive and curative medicine through its alignment with modern scientific understanding of light-based healing.

This study proposes a computational framework for modelling vagueness in legal definitions using semantic probability distributions generated by GPT-based large language models (LLMs). Vagueness – manifested through open-textured expressions such as reasonable, substantial, or public interest – poses persistent challenges for statutory interpretation, legal translation, and cross-jurisdictional harmonization. Traditional linguistic and doctrinal analyses describe vagueness qualitatively but offer limited operational mechanisms for quantifying semantic indeterminacy. To address this gap, the research integrates probabilistic outputs from GPT models, including token-level likelihoods, entropy measures, and alternative semantic completions, to capture the variability and context sensitivity embedded within legal definitions. A multi-jurisdictional corpus of statutory terms is analysed to extract probabilistic semantic profiles, which are then used to compute vagueness metrics such as semantic dispersion and definitional instability. These metrics are validated through expert annotations and comparative analysis across legal contexts. The results demonstrate that terms historically classified as vague exhibit significantly higher entropy and semantic dispersion values, indicating strong alignment between probabilistic measures and legal-linguistic theories of indeterminacy. The findings suggest that GPT-derived semantic probabilities can function as diagnostic indicators of borderline cases, internal definitional variability, and cross-contextual interpretive divergence. The study contributes to computational legal linguistics by offering a reproducible model for vagueness detection and by illustrating how probabilistic semantic modelling can support more consistent legislative drafting, terminological standardization, and machine-assisted legal interpretation. The research also outlines implications for multilingual legal systems, where probabilistic modelling can help reconcile divergent conceptualizations across languages and jurisdictions.

Ensuring consistency in legislative terminology is essential for maintaining clarity, interoperability, and legal certainty across evolving statutory frameworks. However, manual revision processes often fail to detect semantic inconsistencies, terminological drift, and latent ambiguity that emerge during legislative updates. This study proposes an NLP-based framework for the automated detection of inconsistencies in legislative terminology revision processes. The methodology integrates transformer-based semantic similarity models, context-sensitive term extraction, and rule-based discrepancy identification to analyze revised legislative texts against their previous versions and cross-referenced statutes. Experiments conducted on multilingual legislative corpora demonstrate that the system effectively identifies semantic mismatches, inappropriate synonym substitutions, structural incoherence in term networks, and cross-article inconsistencies with higher accuracy than traditional manual review. The findings highlight the potential of NLP-driven tools to support legislative drafters, terminologists, and legal informatics specialists in improving the transparency, quality, and harmonization of legislative terminology. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating automated inconsistency-detection modules into national legislative drafting workflows and future prospects for ontology-supported semantic validation.

This article presents a systematic approach to integrating legal informatics with linguistics as a comprehensive framework for achieving semantic interoperability across diverse legal systems and languages. The study emphasizes the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration to address the persistent challenges of ambiguity, inconsistency, and conceptual mismatch in legal terminology and translation. Legal informatics contributes technological tools such as ontologies, metadata standards, and natural language processing (NLP) systems that enable the structured organization and retrieval of legal information. Linguistics, in turn, provides the theoretical foundation for analyzing meaning, context, and conceptual relations within legal discourse. By systematically combining these fields, the proposed framework facilitates the alignment of legal concepts across languages and jurisdictions, ensuring that information exchanged between systems retains its intended meaning. The article explores how ontology-based modeling and corpus-driven linguistic analysis can be applied to detect equivalence, synonymy, and contextual variation among legal terms. It further demonstrates the potential of this integrated model to enhance legal translation, comparative legal studies, and the development of multilingual legal databases. The findings highlight that achieving semantic interoperability requires not only technological sophistication but also a deep understanding of linguistic and cultural nuances embedded in law. Ultimately, this research argues that systematic integration of legal informatics and linguistics fosters transparency, accessibility, and cross-border collaboration in the digital legal environment, contributing to the creation of more coherent, interoperable, and inclusive global legal communication systems.

With the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability, green banking has emerged as a crucial initiative in promoting eco-friendly financial practices. This descriptive research study aims to examine the awareness and adoption of green banking practices among consumers in Kerala. A convenience sampling method was employed to collect data from a diverse range of consumers across the state. A structured questionnaire was designed to assess consumers' knowledge of green banking, their attitudes toward eco-friendly financial products and services, and their intention to adopt such practices. The study also explores factors influencing the adoption of green banking, including environmental consciousness, financial incentives, and the role of banking institutions in promoting sustainable banking practices. Statistical analysis, including univariate and multivariate techniques, was used to evaluate the data and gain insights into the relationship between consumer awareness and adoption behaviour. The findings reveal a growing awareness of green banking among consumers, with a positive correlation between awareness and the intention to adopt green banking practices. The study also highlights barriers to adoption, such as a lack of information and the perceived complexity of green banking services. The results contribute to a better understanding of the factors that drive or hinder the adoption of green banking in Kerala, providing valuable insights for policymakers and financial institutions to design effective strategies to promote sustainable banking practices among consumers.

Psychiatric work stoppages represent a significant public health challenge affecting workforce productivity and organizational profitability globally. This study develops an actuarial pricing methodology for a psychiatric temporary disability insurance product (IJ-Psy) using a frequency-severity modeling approach. We combine a Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) for claim frequency with a Gamma GLM for claim severity to estimate the pure premium. Our analysis utilized a representative dataset of 1,000 Tunisian employees simulated and calibrated according to a 7.8% three-year incidence rate based on expert opinions. The Poisson model demonstrated adequate fit (dispersion ? 1.07), while the Gamma model effectively captured asymmetric cost variability. Results indicate an annual frequency of 0.0307 psychiatric leave events per employee (approximately 3% annual probability), an average claim cost of 1,315 Tunisian Dinars (TND) per event, and a resulting pure premium of approximately 40.3 TND per employee per year. Significant variation by occupational category was observed, with cadres and laborers showing higher premiums (43.9 and 43.1 TND respectively) compared to technicians and clerical staff (38.9 and 37.3 TND). These findings provide a robust empirical foundation for Tunisian insurers to develop innovative mental health insurance products while maintaining actuarial soundness and international standards compliance.

This study examined the perceived impact of insurgency on student enrollment and educational infrastructure in Northern Nigerian public universities. The research addressed three key questions, employing a descriptive survey design. A population of 13,512 lecturers from public universities in Northern Nigeria was considered, with a sample of 600 selected via purposive sampling technique. Data collection utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire, validated and tested for internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha. Mean scores analyzed the collected data. Findings indicated that insurgency significantly impaired student enrollment and damaged educational infrastructure in Northern Nigerian public universities. The study concluded that insurgency poses a substantial obstacle to student enrollment and educational infrastructure in the region. It was recommended among others that the government should prioritize the rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged educational infrastructure in public universities in Northern Nigeria. This includes rebuilding classrooms, lecture halls, libraries, and hostels, and equipping them with modern facilities and resources. This would provide a conducive learning environment for students and enhance their academic experience.

The study examined the challenges of social infrastructure on academic engagement of undergraduate students in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Two research questions guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population consisted of 8061 400-level undergraduate students of the 2024/2025 academic session. A sample of 800 students was selected using multistage sampling. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire with a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.85. Mean scores were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that inadequate transportation and security infrastructure negatively impacted academic engagement. The study concluded that insufficient social infrastructure impeded academic engagement. Recommendations include optimizing university transportation and enhancing security measures to foster a conducive learning environment and ensure effective functioning of university facilities. It was recommended among others that all parks in the university, both old and new, should be allowed to function effectively. This is because millions of students reside in close proximity to these parks, and students can reduce the need to trek long distances to and from the university.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting synovial joints, leading to pain, stiffness, disability, and systemic complications. Conventional treatment includes NSAIDs, DMARDs, and corticosteroids, but long-term usage is associated with adverse effects. Homoeopathy offers an individualized, holistic, and minimally invasive approach. This study compares two classical methods of prescription—Repertory-based vs Materia Medica-based prescribing—in RA cases. Objective: To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of repertory-based prescription and materia medica-based prescription in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using DAS28, pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), ESR, CRP, and morning stiffness as objective parameters. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial including 60 clinically diagnosed RA patients (ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria) was conducted. Patients were randomized into:
• Group A (n=30): Prescription based on complete symptom analysis using Kent Repertory / Synthesis & repertorisation.
• Group B (n=30): Prescription based on direct Materia Medica keynote/constitutional remedy similarity.

Aim: The purpose of this article is to give a thorough overview of vitiligo, covering its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and available treatments. Objectives: The goals are to outline the many forms of vitiligo, talk about possible causes, go over current treatment methods, and stress the significance of prompt diagnosis and efficient care. Findings: There are several kinds of vitiligo, including segmental, non-segmental, and mixed vitiligo. Pharmacological treatments, phototherapy, surgery, and depigmentation techniques are now available forms of treatment. Discussion: Patient outcomes and quality of life can be enhanced by early diagnosis and treatment. To comprehend the underlying causes of vitiligo and create more potent treatments, additional research is required.

Audit transformation has gained increasing relevance as stakeholders demand improved audit quality, transparency, and accountability, yet the pace of transformation is hindered by institutional weaknesses, infrastructural deficiencies, and regulatory gaps. This study investigated the effect of technological innovation (proxied by Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Big Data) on audit transformation in Nigeria. Anchored on Innovation Diffusion Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model, the study adopted a review-based methodology that synthesizes conceptual, theoretical, and empirical literature from both developed and developing economies. Findings revealed that while technological innovations enhance fraud detection, audit efficiency, transparency, and stakeholder confidence, their adoption in Nigeria is constrained by poor infrastructure, limited auditor competence, corruption, and resistance to change. Evidence further indicates that although international institutions and Nigerian regulators have introduced frameworks, compliance monitoring, and updated standards, technological integration remains inadequate to position Nigerian auditing practices at par with global competitiveness. The study concluded that successful audit transformation requires balancing technological innovation with regulatory oversight, ethical responsibility, and professional judgment. It recommended auditor capacity building, harmonized regulatory frameworks, and incentives for digital adoption, while suggesting further research into emerging tools such as cloud auditing, continuous auditing, and IoT-enabled audits to shape future audit practices in Nigeria.

The Israel–Lebanon conflict represents one of the most persistent and multifaceted confrontations in the Middle East, rooted in deep-seated historical grievances, territorial disputes, ideological rivalries, and external interventions. This study critically examined the causes and effects of the conflict, highlighting how it has evolved from conventional state-centric warfare to a more complex interplay involving non-state actors, particularly Hezbollah. The conflict’s origins are traced to the presence of Palestinian armed groups in southern Lebanon during the 1970s, Israel’s 1982 invasion, and the subsequent emergence of Hezbollah as a major resistance force. The 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah marked a significant turning point, demonstrating the growing capability of non-state actors to challenge conventional armies. This research explores how the conflict has been exacerbated by the involvement of regional and international actors such as Iran, Syria, the United States, and the United Nations, turning Lebanon into a theatre of proxy warfare. It also assesses the broader implications for Middle Eastern stability, including sectarian polarization, refugee crises, economic destabilization, and the erosion of national sovereignty. Using qualitative analysis, a historical research design was adopted, and the study relied on secondary data from academic journals. The study reveals that the Israel–Lebanon conflict is not an isolated struggle but a reflection of the broader geopolitical and ideological dynamics that continue to shape the Middle East. It concludes that without comprehensive regional dialogue, effective conflict resolution mechanisms, and the curbing of external interference, the cycle of violence and instability is likely to persist. The study reaffirmed that Israel–Lebanon conflict is deeply rooted in a complex history of territorial disputes, ideological differences, and the activities of non-state actors such as Hezbollah, which continue to undermine peace efforts in the region. This reemphasizes the need to understand modern Middle Eastern conflicts as interconnected and multi-dimensional, rather than isolated national disputes.

This study critically examines the resurgence of military interventions in Central Africa, analyzing the socio-economic, political, and institutional dynamics that have contributed to the return of unconstitutional changes of government in the region. Despite decades of democratization efforts, several Central African states, including Chad, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, have experienced military takeovers or increasing militarization of politics. The study investigates the root causes of these interventions, identifying weak democratic institutions, ethnic divisions, widespread corruption, youth unemployment, and poor governance as critical enablers of military dominance in politics. It further explores the regional and international dynamics that embolden military actors, including inconsistent responses from the African Union and international powers pursuing strategic interests. Adopting a structural-functional theoretical framework, the study uses qualitative content analysis of secondary data, including scholarly articles, policy reports, and international news sources published between 2020 and 2024. Findings reveal a pattern of political stagnation, elite manipulation, and external interference that undermines constitutional governance. The research concludes that without urgent reforms to strengthen democratic institutions, promote inclusive governance, and address socio-economic grievances, military takeovers will remain a persistent threat in Central Africa. The study recommends a concerted regional and international approach, including targeted sanctions, civic education, and institutional reforms, to restore and sustain democratic governance in the region. This work contributes to scholarly debates on democratic regression in Africa and offers policy-relevant insights for stabilizing governance in fragile states.

This study examines the determinants of rice production in Kano State, Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the impact of access to credit on smallholder farmers' productivity. Using cross-sectional data collected from 200 rice farmers selected through Yamane sampling technique across five Local Government Areas in Kano State, the study employs multiple regression analyses to investigate the relationship between credit access and rice production outcomes. The findings reveal significant constraints in accessing agricultural credit, with only 37% of sampled farmers having obtained formal credit during the farming season under review. Major barriers identified include stringent collateral requirements (87.3%), high interest rates (82.5%), and complex application procedures (76.4%). Multiple regression results demonstrate that access to credit positively impacts rice yield at a 1% significance level, with credit-accessing farmers experiencing 23% higher yields (423.71 kg/ha additional output) compared to non-accessing counterparts. The amount of credit also positively influenced productivity, with each additional ?1000 in credit increasing yield by 3.4 kg/ha. Additionally, the study identifies key complementary factors affecting rice production, including education level (each year adding 57.63 kg/ha to yield), farming experience (34.82 kg/ha per additional year), extension contacts (76.54 kg/ha per contacts), and membership in farmers' associations (286.13 kg/ha higher yields for members). Probit regression reveals that education, farm size, association membership, and previous loan repayment history significantly increase credit access probability, while distance to credit facilities reduces it. Ordered logistic regression shows that timeliness of credit disbursement, training on credit use, and extension contacts are critical for effective credit utilization. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted policy interventions including specialized agricultural credit schemes with flexible collateral requirements, strengthened extension services that integrate financial education, value chain financing approaches by financial institutions, and enhanced collective action through farmers' associations to improve credit access and ultimately increase rice production in Kano State.

Agricultural training has traditionally relied on hands, on experience and physical demonstrations. The advent of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offers a promising solution to enhanced practical skills training in agriculture. This study is intended among others, to determine the impact of virtual and augmented reality technologies in agricultural training on student’s practical skills acquisition. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select four (4) states from southeast Nigeria, and two (2) colleges of education from each of the states, and twenty students from each of the colleges. This gave a sample size of one hundred and sixty (160) respondents for the study. Instrument for data collection was structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the survey data and provide an overview of the participants' demographics and experiences with virtual and augmented reality technologies. Inferential statistics was used to determine whether there are any significant differences in the participants' perceptions of the effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality technologies. The findings of this study suggest that virtual and augmented reality technologies are effective in enhancing practical skills acquisition, improving knowledge retention, increasing engagement, and promoting a better understanding of complex concepts. The recommendations among others include, Colleges should be encouraged to incorporation virtual and augmented reality technologies into agricultural education and training programs, Educators and trainers should receive training and support to effectively integrate virtual and augmented reality technologies into their teaching practices.

Communication and emotional regulation present significant challenges for many children on the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), impacting their daily interactions and learning. Caregivers often require accessible, real-time tools to help navigate these complexities. Echo Bridge is a multi-faceted digital companion, developed as a Python-based web application to bridge these gaps and support the holistic well-being of autistic children. The application's core is an integrated support system featuring a customizable Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) board, empowering children to express their needs and thoughts by selecting images and symbols. This is coupled with a real-time, AI-powered emotion detector that analyzes facial expressions via webcam to provide immediate emotional feedback. All interactions, including expressed emotions, are securely logged to a Firebase cloud database. This data populates a Caregiver Dashboard, offering visual charts and actionable insights into the child's communication and emotional patterns over time. Beyond passive monitoring, Echo Bridge provides active support through context-aware calming interventions and engaging, therapeutic games. By integrating a vital communication aid with an intelligent emotional support system, Echo Bridge aims to enhance the child's autonomy, provide caregivers with meaningful data, and foster a more supportive and interactive learning environment.

This study explores the political instability and power struggles that affected Dhaka in the years before the Battle of Plassey (1754–1757). This period highlighted the disintegration of Nawabi authority in Bengal. Using primary and secondary sources, this study examines how military coups, assassinations, and palace conspiracies in Dhaka exposed the decline of centralized authority under Alivardi Khan and his successor, Siraj-ud-Daulah. Special attention is given to the assassination of Deputy Naib Nazim Hussain Uddin Khan. His death, rooted in the conspiratorial politics of the Murshidabad palace, caused administrative disorder. This assassination highlighted the fragile connection between Dhaka’s provincial governance and the Murshidabad Nawabi court. The resulting disorder exaggerated factional rivalries, particularly between the supporters of Ghaseti Begum and Siraj-ud-Daulah. At the same time, it empowered local elites, such as Rajballabh, to broaden their political and economic influence. The weakening of Nawabi control also allowed for increased British intervention through commercial and investment networks. This paper argues that the internal crises in Dhaka were not isolated incidents but were part of a larger process of political fragmentation that undermined Bengal's sovereignty. Ultimately, the study concludes that the destabilization of Dhaka between 1754 and 1757 was a critical prelude to the consolidation of British colonial dominance following the Battle of Plassey.

The public is scrutinizing and looking at the current unemployment rate in Nigeria despite the government's increased spending. Therefore, this study examined the relationships between government spending and unemployment in Nigeria from 1991 to 2020. The stationarity test was conducted using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, and the long-term link between the variables was confirmed using Johansen co-integration. The unit root test revealed that the study's variables were stationary at the 5% level of significance, and the bound co-integration test confirmed a long-term relationship between the variables. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to analyze the parameters of the study's variables. The finding confirmed capital expenditure (CEX) has a direct and non-significant relationship with unemployment rate (UEM) with absolute t-statistic of 0.61600 and t-value of t0.1= 1.697 for lagged one period; while, lagged two of CEX was significant and directly related to unemployment rate (UEM). The non-significant nature of the lagged one of capital expenditure (CEX) could be attributed to the fact that most of the funds assigned for capital expenditure are not often used effectively for capital projects; hence, worsen the rate of non-engagement of economic active age within the country. Therefore, government must channel its spending to capital project and not solely rely on price stability as a means to reduce unemployment within the economy.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a significant disruptive element within the domain of business instruction, impacting pedagogical frameworks, evaluative methodologies, scholarly investigations, and organizational functionalities. The increasing assimilation of AI in Nigeria offers the potential for advancement and enhanced productivity, but simultaneously introduces complex ethical and legal considerations. Matters pertaining to informational confidentiality, responsibility, impartiality, and ethical behavior must be taken into account to ensure conscientious utilization. This manuscript examines the ethical principles and regulatory structures governing the implementation of AI within business education, emphasizing the crucial roles of educators, governmental authorities, and professional institutions in maintaining honesty, openness, and respect for individual autonomy. The research proposes an ethically informed framework for AI management that is in accordance with the Nigerian Data Protection Act (2023) and UNESCO's global guidelines on AI ethics. The conclusion reached is that the progression of business instruction in Nigeria relies upon fostering a cohort of AI-proficient individuals who not only acquire expertise in digital technologies but also adhere to the ethical norms necessary for preserving public confidence. Key recommendations include the imperative for the government to finalize and enact a nationwide AI in Education strategy rooted in ethical principles and data safeguarding.

In many educational environments, particularly in developing contexts, teaching and learning are often hampered by inadequate instructional resources, insufficient funding, and infrastructural limitations. These constraints not only reduce the quality of instruction but also limit opportunities for learners to engage meaningfully with educational content. This paper explores strategies for utilizing software materials as effective tools for improvisation to address these challenges and enhance the teaching–learning process. Drawing on contemporary research, case studies, and practical classroom applications, the study examines how open-source platforms, interactive digital simulations, learning management systems (LMS), and customizable software can be integrated into instruction to support diverse learning needs. The paper emphasizes the critical role of pedagogical alignment, contextual relevance, and teacher competence in maximizing the potential of software-based improvisation. It argues that the strategic adoption of such materials, combined with continuous teacher training, adequate institutional support, and appropriate policy frameworks, can improve instructional quality, foster learner engagement, enhance accessibility, and promote inclusive education across varied learning environments.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a fundamental component of modern science, medicine, and industry. It enables medical imaging, cancer therapy, and technological innovations by interacting with matter at the atomic and molecular levels. However, IR can also disrupt biological structures, causing cellular damage, genetic mutations, and long-term health effects. This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of IR interactions with biological systems, covering physical energy deposition, radiolysis of water, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage and repair, epigenetic modifications, and transgenerational effects. Modern computational approaches, including Monte Carlo simulations and radiogenomics, are discussed for their role in predicting biological outcomes. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for optimizing radioprotection strategies and guiding safe and effective applications of IR.

The study examined the effect of firm traits on shareholder investment decisions in listed natural resources firms in Nigeria. Specifically, the study assessed the effects of firm size, firm leverage, and firm liquidity on shareholder invested capital. An ex-post facto research design was employed, with a census of all four natural resources firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group forming the study population and sample. Secondary data were collected from annual reports and audited financial statements of the selected firms between 2015 and 2024. Hypotheses were tested using panel regression analysis, with the Hausman specification test confirming the Fixed Effect Model as the appropriate estimator. The findings revealed that: firm size has a positive and significant effect on shareholder invested capital among listed natural resources firms in Nigeria at 5% significance level (? = 0.914281, p = 0.0000); firm leverage has a negative and significant effect on shareholder invested capital among listed natural resources firms in Nigeria at 5% significance level (? = -0.699958, p = 0.0000); firm liquidity has a positive but nonsignificant effect on shareholder invested capital among listed natural resources firms in Nigeria at 5% significance level (? = 0.010895, p = 0.8429). In conclusion, shareholder investment is more responsive to the durability and risk structure of firms than to their immediate working capital positions, which may reflect the capital-intensive nature of natural resources operations and the sensitivity of investors to stability in the face of global price fluctuations and domestic financial constraints. The study recommended that the management of listed natural resources firms in Nigeria should strategically pursue growth through asset expansion and consolidation of operations by reinvesting profits into productive assets, engaging in carefully selected mergers or acquisitions, and adopting policies that enhance long-term capacity.

Athletic performance depends not only on physical conditioning but also on the psychological skills that enable athletes to maintain focus, regulate emotions, and cope effectively with competitive pressures. This analytical review synthesizes current evidence on the roles of mindfulness and Mental Skills Training (MST) in enhancing athletic performance, psychological well-being, and resilience. A systematic search across major databases identified 42 empirical studies meeting the review criteria. Findings indicate that mindfulness improves present-moment awareness, attentional control, emotional regulation, and resilience, thereby reducing anxiety and performance disruptions. MST, through techniques such as goal setting, imagery, self-talk, and arousal regulation, enhances cognitive restructuring, motivation, and performance consistency. Both approaches contribute to the development of mental toughness, a key predictor of sustained high performance and effective coping under pressure. Comparative analysis suggests that mindfulness functions as a foundational meta-skill that can strengthen the application of traditional MST strategies, while integrated interventions may provide synergistic benefits. Despite promising evidence, methodological heterogeneity and limited comparative studies highlight the need for more rigorous and longitudinal research. Overall, the integration of mindfulness and MST offers a robust, evidence-based framework for optimizing athlete performance and psychological adaptability in competitive sport environments.

In practice, many banks in Nigeria maintain capital levels that exceed what is necessary for operational safety and regulatory compliance. This excess capital often remains underutilized, held in low-yield assets, or retained without clear strategies for generating additional revenue. Hence, this study examined the effect of capital surplus on shareholder wealth among listed banks in Nigeria, with the specific objective of determining whether excess capital significantly drains investor value. The research adopted an ex post facto design, using secondary data covering a ten-year period from 2015 to 2024. The population consisted of all deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group as of 2024, with twelve banks selected as the final sample based on data availability. Data were collected from the banks’ audited financial statements. Hypotheses were tested using panel generalized least squares estimation, with model diagnostics conducted to account for cross-sectional dependence and panel heteroskedasticity. The finding revealed that capital surplus is a significant drain on shareholder wealth among listed banks in Nigeria (? = -2.129189, p = 0.0111). In conclusion, holding excess capital beyond operational or regulatory requirements appears to limit the banks’ ability to generate returns for investors, suggesting that resources tied up in surplus equity may remain underutilized, reducing overall profitability and the efficiency of capital deployment. The study recommended that bank management should actively monitor and optimize equity levels to ensure that excess capital is efficiently deployed into profitable investments or distributed to shareholders. This approach will enhance returns without compromising financial stability.

Nigeria’s electricity sector faces exceptionally high non-technical losses (NTLs), mainly due to electricity theft, which harms cash flow, discourages investment, and leads to poor service quality. This paper presents a comprehensive, Nigeria-specific theft-recovery framework that directly links the causes of NTLS to financial sustainability outcomes. The framework includes diagnostics that combine data governance, quantitative analytics, machine-learning detection, and stakeholder insights; diverse interventions such as technical solutions (like metering and AMI deployment), policy reforms (cost-reflective tariffs, enforcement, data standards), customer engagement programmes, and economic incentives (performance-based regulation and targeted rewards); a phased governance and implementation plan assigning roles to federal regulators, DisCos, and private actors; and monitoring indicators focused on revenue recovery, loss reduction, operating margins, and cash-flow stability. Case studies from high-loss environments inform design choices and support a pragmatic sequence of pilots and scaling efforts. Policy recommendations include coordinated subsidy reform, bankable mechanisms for cost recovery of loss-reduction investments, and transparent accountability structures to rebuild sector credibility. Overall, this framework offers a practical path to reduce theft, stabilise utility finances, and improve access to reliable electricity.

The proliferation of smartphones during virtual classroom sessions has created substantial challenges for maintaining learner focus and educational effectiveness. We developed an attention-augmented hybrid deep learning system combining Convolutional Neural Networks with Long Short-Term Memory units (CNN-LSTM-Attn) to identify smartphone-induced distraction behaviors through device usage patterns and motion sensor analytics. The convolutional layers isolate brief temporal signatures from touchscreen interactions and device movement, whereas the recurrent components model extended behavioral sequences. An attention weighting mechanism emphasizes temporal segments most predictive of attention drift, simultaneously enhancing classification reliability and model transparency. Our study enrolled 120 university students participating in online coursework, yielding approximately 180 hours of behavioral recordings. The preprocessing workflow incorporated standardization procedures, synthetic data generation, and anonymization protocols. Performance evaluation demonstrated 92.4% classification accuracy, F1-score reaching 0.91, and inference latency averaging 1.2 seconds—exceeding both conventional CNN-LSTM configurations and classical machine learning approaches. The attention component enabled visualization of distraction-indicative moments while preserving computational efficiency suitable for edge deployment. These outcomes establish feasibility for privacy-respecting, real-time intervention systems supporting sustained engagement in virtual educational settings.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), a pioneering Indian Muslim reformer, scholar, and jurist, made significant contributions to archaeology during the early 19th century, particularly through his documentation of Delhi’s historical monuments. His most notable work, Asar-us-Sanadeed, first published in 1847 covering ancient buildings, forts, tombs, mosques, and other archaeological sites in Delhi and its environs. Sir Syed revised it in a more concise 1854 edition focused on factual accuracy. Asar-us-Sanadeed not only preserved records of monuments that have since vanished or deteriorated but also predated formal colonial archaeological efforts, such as those by Alexander Cunningham, positioning Sir Syed as one of India’s first indigenous historical archaeologists. His approach blended empirical observation with a romanticized view of the past, reflecting his broader intellectual shift toward rationalism and scientific inquiry.

The increasing frequency and intensity of flood events, exacerbated by climate change and rapid urbanization, pose a significant global threat. In response, the development and implementation of Early Warning Systems (EWS) have become a cornerstone of disaster risk reduction strategies. This review synthesizes the recent literature (2019-2024) to critically evaluate the efficacy of flood EWS, with a specific focus on the indispensable role of community-based response mechanisms. The analysis reveals that while technological advancements in forecasting, data collection, and communication have dramatically improved the technical capability of EWS, their ultimate effectiveness in saving lives and reducing losses is contingent upon a robust integration of social components. Key factors for success include community trust, local knowledge, clear and actionable warning messages, and pre-established evacuation plans. The paper identifies a critical shift in the paradigm from a top-down, technology-centric model to a people-centred end-to-end and "last-mile" approach. Despite progress, challenges remain, including ensuring equity in access for marginalized groups, sustainable financing for community-level activities, and the integration of EWS into broader climate adaptation frameworks. The conclusion underscores that the most effective flood mitigation outcomes are achieved when state-of-the-art technology is seamlessly coupled with empowered, prepared, and responsive communities.

Electrical engineering continues to be a fundamental driver of technological progress, yet underrepresentation persists for women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in education and career pathways. This study takes a data-driven, mixed-methods approach to assess the effectiveness of diversity and inclusion (D&I) efforts in electrical engineering education and how they influence career pipelines into the electronics industry. Using longitudinal data, interviews, and program evaluations, the research explores systemic barriers, institutional environments, and policy factors that influence representation. Results show that while scholarship programs, university initiatives, and industry-led diversity efforts have increased access, challenges remain in recruitment, retention, and career advancement. Case studies such as IEEE’s Inclusive Electrification and INSPIRE illustrate how experiential learning, mentorship, and community engagement support underrepresented groups. Both quantitative and qualitative data reveal that success depends on ongoing institutional backing, transparent evaluation, and alignment with industry and government policies. The study concludes that data-driven evaluation provides a rigorous approach to identifying gaps, informing policy, and promoting equity in electrical engineering education and careers. Future research should focus on expanding longitudinal analysis, creating practical metrics, and fostering collaborations among academia, industry, and government to develop sustainable, inclusive engineering pipelines.

In this globalized world, economic growth of a country totally depends on the participation of women in the rural development of a country. But where a society is dominated by man like India, where greater part of population lives in rural areas, it is very complicated for a woman to think about to establish their own startups. Rural Entrepreneurship amongst women has been a recent concern in rural India. Woman Entrepreneur is a person who accepts tough role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. In India, there are around eight million women entrepreneurs, with Tamil Nadu having the highest share.

This paper explores the emergence of AI-powered employee ecosystems through intelligent digital platforms and their role in accelerating workforce capabilities. With organizations increasingly adopting artificial intelligence (AI) to augment human work, digital platforms—such as talent marketplaces, AI-driven learning systems, and collaborative tools—are reshaping how employees learn, collaborate, and perform. Drawing on a mixed-method design combining a survey of 150 employees and 12 in-depth interviews across organizations implementing AI platforms, the study finds that higher adoption of intelligent platforms significantly correlates with improvements in workforce agility, skill development, and collaborative performance. Key enablers include strong digital leadership, data-driven HR practices, and ethically aligned AI systems; barriers include employee resistance, skill gaps, and transparency concerns. The findings suggest that intelligent platforms support the creation of adaptive employee ecosystems in which human-AI collaboration becomes a core driver of competitive advantage. The paper concludes with implications for HR practitioners, organizational designers, and policymakers aiming to build future-ready workforces.

This article provides an outline and a brief analysis of what will be done.in the study of the topic From the article. From Mechanics Quantum equations have the function ofEvolution Operator, which in the description ofHeisenberg in the Avatars of Mechanics Quantum mechanics is incorporated into the Equation of Motion. The first phase is to analyze the Exponential Function, as an example,It is comparedthe Function Riemannian Zeta, wherethere are severalpossibilities with the tools ofMathematic, such asExpansionsfrom the SeriesBy Taylorin Mathematics. After the first phase, an analysis and comparison is made of what could be done with the Riemann Zeta function, as an example, inEuler's treatment and conclusion regarding the Zeta function, through its relation to prime numbers, leads to the conclusion that the Riemann Zeta function and its related prime numbers have the same relationship with the hydrogen atom and the Schrödinger equation. As an example, the Zeta function is discussed. Riemann's attempt to associate with the Evolution Operator, along with theEquation of Motion. Remember thatThe Exponential Factorfrom the Operator of Evolution, beyond the exponential terthe Factorof Integral that Associates the Hamiltonianwhich can and should be analyzedAccording to Conceptual Physics in the Future.

The work covers majorly on the involvement of Nigeria's former colonial master, in major conflicts that met the nation during the end of colonial rule and in the early years of independence. Using the theory of war and objective analysis to interrogate historical events, the study makes sense of how Britain's policies tampered with the unity and coexistence constituents within the West African nation. It was revealed that the activities of Britain prior to independence were, by design, so far-reaching that they lingered in palpable ways even after colonial administration ceased. It also discusses the significance of amalgamation, the indirect rule and divide and rule system in bringing Nigeria into being and in shaping Nigeria's social reality. This study encourages wider scopes of study for subsequent research and suggests that stakeholders use the findings herein to remedy not just the Nigeria's political flailing, but also the status quo in the part of ethnic group..

S??khya Dar?ana, one of the six classical systems of Indian philosophy, provides a metaphysical scaffold for Ayurvedic theory and practice. This review critically examines the assimilation and reinterpretation of S??khya principles—such as Satk?ryav?da, the duality of Puru?a and Prak?ti, Gu?a theory, and the doctrine of evolution—within the Caraka Sa?hit?. Drawing from primary Sanskrit sources, the article highlights Ayurveda’s philosophical pluralism and its pragmatic adaptation of metaphysical constructs for clinical reasoning. The study underscores the enduring relevance of S??khya in shaping Ayurvedic epistemology and therapeutic logic.

The prevailing rate of unemployment in Nigeria despite increasing government spending on infrastructure development is subject to public scrutiny and investigation. This study therefore assessed the connections among infrastructural development and unemployment in Nigeria with emphasis on their transmission channels from1991 to 2020. The stationarity test was conducted using the Phillip-Perron (PP) test, and the long-term link between the variables was confirmed using Johansen co-integration. The unit root test revealed that the study's variables were stationary at the 5% level of significance, and the bound co-integration test confirmed a long-term relationship between the variables. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) was used to analyze the parameters of the study's variables. The FMOLS findings showed that that capital expenditure directed toward investment in the infrastructural facilities increase employment opportunities that reduce unemployment in the country. The finding shows that increase in capital expenditure reduces level of unemployment and infrastructural development enhances effect of capital spending on unemployment. The study therefore recommended that the Nigeria government must ensure that its yearly capital projects are directed towards investment in infrastructural facilities like railways, road, and building construction as well as many to facilitate foreign and local investments that promote job opportunities.

In today’s universities, AI has found a new role, most visible via adaptive learning platforms. Learners’ engagement data and performance determine the mode of instruction, the sequence, and the pace, which are all tailored by algorithms. However, indispensable limitations accompany its various achievements in practical application despite the hope of personalization projected theoretically (Tan, Hu, Yeo, & Cheong, 2025). Personalization in higher learning is offered by artificial intelligence using distinct approaches, which adaptive platforms pride themselves on.

Although barley grass powder is the best functional food for supplying nutrients and eliminating toxins from human cells, its functional components have been demonstrated to play a part in a number of biological processes. an important role as a health benefit. Thirty compounds found in barley and its extracts are known to help treat over twenty chronic illnesses, such as: 14 common and nine distinct chronic illnesses between grains and grass due to the primary molecular mechanism of six functional components of barley grass. (GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan) and grains (polyphenols, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, tocols, resistant starch, and ?-glucans). Green barley has a wonderful medical effect and has been shown to be the most advantageous for human health. According to these results, barley grass could be among the greatest functional meals for preventing illness. GABA, flavonoids, the tryptophan mechanism of barley grass, vitamins, K-Ca, and SOD all have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits for chronic illnesses. These factors also support the development of a sizable health industry. This essay is a source of scientific information. evidence of the creation of beneficial meals and cutting-edge drugs for barley grass to prevent illnesses.

This study examines the effects of teacher attire on middle school students’ behaviour, academic involvement, and general school atmosphere. Applying such theories as Social Cognitive Theory, Impression Management Theory, Attribution Theory, and Organizational Identity Theory, the author demonstrates that clothing styles act as a means of non-verbal signalling that impacts credibility, respect, productivity, and student relationships. The study reveals that professional clothing typically boosts authority and involvement, though it should be combined with a sense of approachability. Suggestions are provided for dress code guidelines, educator training, and inclusive strategies.

Business analytics has become an essential tool for organizations to make better and smarter decisions. In the modern data-driven world, companies collect large amounts of data from various sources. However, raw data alone cannot help in decision-making until it is analyzed and interpreted properly. This research aims to study how business analytics helps in interpreting data, identifying patterns, and converting information into meaningful insights. The study highlights the importance, techniques, and tools used in business analytics and how they support better strategic and operational decisions.

In the dynamic business environment of the 21st century, leadership effectiveness is increasingly linked not only to cognitive intelligence but also to emotional intelligence (EI). This paper explores the role of emotional intelligence as a determinant of successful leadership in modern organizations. Drawing upon contemporary management theories and empirical studies, the research examines how EI contributes to decision-making, motivation, conflict resolution, and organizational culture. The findings suggest that emotionally intelligent leaders foster trust, collaboration, and resilience—key drivers of sustainable performance. The paper concludes that emotional intelligence is no longer an optional leadership trait but a strategic competency vital for organizational success.